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Imagining Ecuadorians: Historicizing National Identity in Twentieth-Century Otavalo, Ecuador
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 September 2022
Abstract
In 1955, a monument to Inca warrior Rumiñahui was erected in Otavalo's central plaza. In this article, I study the ways in which competing imaginings of the Ecuadorian nation have shaped the material and symbolic trajectory of the monument. The monument was the outcome of a struggle for hegemony between nonindigenous elites. The current appropriation of the monument by the local indigenous population, however, is at odds with the ideological purpose for which it was built. The initiative to build the monument emerged from the public sphere—which at that time excluded indigenous peoples—in a context of national debates about the Indian problem. The widespread notion that the indigenous people of Otavalo were exceptional propelled the local nonindigenous elite to debate the Indian problem and shape, in the process, a public sphere. Elucidating the workings of the public sphere in the racialization of indigenous peoples, I aim to contribute to the academic literature about the relationship between Indian and nation in Ecuador. This literature has focused on the role that either the state or the private sphere has played in this racialization and has not paid enough explicit attention to the public sphere.
Resumen
En 1955, se construyó un monumento al guerrero inca Rumiñahui en la plaza central de Otavalo. Este artículo explora cómo imaginaciones rivales de la nación le han dado forma a la trayectoria material y simbólica del monumento. El monumento fue el producto de una lucha por la hegemonía entre élites no-indígenas. La apropiación contemporánea del monumento por indígenas locales, sin embargo, se opone al propósito ideológico por el cual este se construyó. La iniciativa para construir el monumento emergió de la esfera pública —que en ese entonces excluía a los indígenas— en un contexto de debates nacionales acerca del problema del indio. La noción bastante difundida de que los indígenas de Otavalo eran excepcionales llevó a la elite no-indígena local a debatir el “problema del indio” y formar, en el proceso, una esfera pública. Explicando la labor de la esfera pública en la racialización de los indígenas, pretendo contribuir a la literatura académica acerca de la relación entre indio y nación en Ecuador. Esta literatura se ha enfocado en el rol que el estado o la esfera privada ha jugado en esta racialización y no ha prestado suficiente atención explícita a la esfera pública.
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- Copyright © 2014 by the University of Texas Press
Footnotes
This research has been funded by a Rackham Pre-doctoral Fellowship and a Rackham Humanities Research Fellowship. Initial writing has been funded by a Rackham One-Term Dissertation Fellowship and a Alfredo Gutierrez Dissertation Award. Final writing has been funded by the European Research Council as part of the interdisciplinary project “Indigeneity in the Contemporary World: Performance, Politics, Belonging” led by Professor Helen Gilbert at Royal Holloway, University of London. I am thankful to Sarah Radcliffe and Helen Gilbert for their insightful commentary.
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