Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T10:02:00.341Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

International Public Finance and the Rise of Brazil: Comparing Brazil's Use of Regionalism with Its Unilateralism and Bilateralism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2022

John Henderson
Affiliation:
York University
Stephen Clarkson
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Within the extensive literature on international regionalism, the more limited academic work done on regional financial organizations (RFOs) tends to assume that, by pooling resources to address such common international economic issues as development funding and financial crises, RFOs contribute to economic stability in their parts of the global landscape. Although South America has led the pack in creating such RFOs, their effectiveness is limited by the asymmetry in economic heft of the continent's governments. Rather than weighing the significance of financial regionalism in South America from the point of view of the majority, we assess whether and how this phenomenon has contributed to Brazil's politico-economic rise to near-major-power standing on the world stage in the twenty-first century. Drawing on extensive interviews with Brazilian officials conducted in March 2013, we analyze three instances of South America's international public finance: development lending, crisis lending, and payment systems. Our findings suggest that self-generated unilateral and bilateral financial initiatives have brought Brasília far more significant economic and political results than have RFOs, whose various incarnations have yielded the continental giant few economic and only minor political gains.

Resumen

Resumen

Dentro de la extensa literatura sobre economía política y regionalismo internacional, encontramos una serie de trabajos más especializados que se centran en las organizaciones financieras regionales (OFRs). Estos trabajos tienden a asumir que las OFRs contribuyen a la estabilidad económica en sus zonas respectivas, dando por sentado que pueden poner en un fondo común los recursos de sus miembros para afrontar desafíos económicos tales como el financiamiento para el desarrollo y crisis financieras. Sin embargo, por lo general la distribución del poder entre los miembros de tales instituciones no es simétrica, pues la mayoría de las regiones cuentan con un gigante que persigue intereses económicos y políticos que se diferencian de los de sus vecinos más débiles. A pesar de que América del Sur ha sido pionera en la creación de OFRs, la asimetría en el poder económico de los estados miembros limita las capacidades efectivas de tales organizaciones. Por lo que en lugar de evaluar el significado del regionalismo financiero en América del Sur desde el punto de vista de la mayoría de sus gobiernos, nuestro objetivo es destacar en qué medida las OFRs han contribuido a la emergencia económica y política de Brasil como poder imponente en la escena global del siglo XXI. Con base en numerosas entrevistas con oficiales brasileños, llevadas a cabo en el mes de marzo de 2013, analizamos tres aspectos de las finanzas públicas a nivel internacional en América del Sur: préstamos para el desarrollo, préstamos para las crisis, y sistemas de pago. Nuestros hallazgos indican que las iniciativas financieras —unilaterales y bilaterales— generadas por Brasilia le han aportado resultados económicos y políticos significativos, mientras que las ventajas económicas y políticas aportadas por las OFRs han sido muy escazas.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2016 by the Latin American Studies Association

Footnotes

The five days of fieldwork for our research in Brasília during March 2013 were made possible by generous assistance from both the Faculty of Arts and Science and Trinity College at the University of Toronto. The authors would like to thank those Brazilian officials, scholars, and experts whom we list in the appendix for their comments and insights, along with our colleagues Louis Pauly and Scott Aquanno at the University of Toronto and Carlos de Resende at the International Monetary Fund for their helpful responses to our text during its development.

References

Adler, Gustavo, and Sosa, Sebastián 2012 “Intra-Regional Spillovers in South America: Is Brazil Systemic after All?” IMF Working Paper WP/12/145, June. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp12145.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ALADI (Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración) 2013Convenio de pagos y créditos recíprocos: Compensaciones y evaluación.” http://www.aladi.org/nsfaladi/convenio.nsf/Pcompensacionsaldos (accessed April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
Armijo, Leslie Elliott 2013Equality and Regional Finance in the Americas.” Latin American Politics and Society 55 (4): 95118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armijo, Leslie Elliott, and Echeverri-Gent, John 2014Brave New World? The Politics of International Finance in Brazil and India.” In The Financial Statecraft of Emerging Powers: Shield and Sword in Asia and Latin America, edited by Armijo, Leslie Elliott and Katada, Saori N., 4776. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Armijo, Leslie Elliott, and Katada, Saori N. 2014Theorizing the Financial Statecraft of Emerging Powers.” New Political Economy 20 (1): 4262. DOI: 10.1080/13563467.2013.866082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BCB (Banco Central do Brasil) 2013SML: Local Currency Payment System.” April. http://www.bcb.gov.br/?smleoperat (accessed April 20, 2013).Google Scholar
Beattie, Alan 2012 “World Bank: An Exercise of Influence.” Financial Times, April 2. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/15b9d4d8-7ca6-11e1-8a27-00144feab49a.html.Google Scholar
Bernal-Meza, Raúl, and Christensen, Steen Fryba 2013Brazil's Foreign Priorities: Between the Region and the BRICS.” Paper presented at the International Studies Association, San Francisco, April.Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2009Contratações da área industrial (operações directas), período: 01/01/2008 a 31/12/2008.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/consultas/projetosAI_2008.pdf (accessed April 12, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2010Contratações da área industrial (operações diretas), período: 01/01/2009 a 31/12/2009.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/export/sites/default/bndes_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/consultas/projetosAI2009.pdf (accessed April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2011Annual Report 2010.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/export/sites/default/bndes_en/Galerias/RelAnualEnglish/ra2010/Rel_Anual_2010_ingles.pdf (accessed April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2013aDesembolso anual do sistema BNDES.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/export/sites/default/bndes_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/empresa/estatisticas/Int2_1D_a_setorCNAE.pdf (accesses April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2013bDesembolso anual do sistema BNDES: Apoio à exportação.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/export/sites/default/bndes_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/empresa/estatisticas/Int2_1D_a_setorCNAE_export.pdf (accessed April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2013cDesembolsos BNDES Exim Pós-embarque pordestinodasex portações financiadas.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/export/sites/default/bndes_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/empresa/estatisticas/projetosAEX.xls (accessed April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2013dThe BNDES in Numbers: Performance.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_en/Institucional/The_BNDES_in_Numbers/ (accessed April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
Brainard, Lael, and Martinez-Diaz, Leonardo, eds. 2009 Brazil as an Economic Superpower? Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.Google Scholar
CAF (Latin American Development Bank) 2010aCAF in Figures.” http://www.caf.com/view/index.asp?ms=19&pageMs=62010 (accessed April 12, 2013).Google Scholar
CAF (Latin American Development Bank) 2010bShareholder Countries.” http://www.caf.com/view/index.asp?pageMS=62008&ms=19 (accessed April 12, 2013).Google Scholar
CAF (Latin American Development Bank) 2012Annual Report 2011.” http://www.caf.com/attach/19/default/AnnualReport2011.pdf (accessed April 12, 2013).Google Scholar
DeNegri, Joao Alberto, Maffioli, Alessandro, Rodriguez, Cesar M., and Vázquez, Gonzalo 2011 “The Impact of Public Credit Programs on Brazilian Firms.” Inter-American Development Bank Working Paper IDB-WP-293, December. http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=36629871.Google Scholar
Desai, Raj M., and Vreeland, James Raymond 2011Global Governance in a Multipolar World: The Case for Regional Monetary Funds.” International Studies Review 13 (1): 109121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devereux, Charlie 2011 “Chavez Aims to Revive Influence at First Regional Summit after Cancer Cure.” Bloomberg, December 2. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-02/chavez-aims-to-revive-influence-at-first-regional-summit-after-cancer-cure.html.Google Scholar
Dias, Alvaro 2012Pronunciamento no Senado Federal em 11/06/2012, Senado Federal, Portal Atividade Legislativa.” June 11. http://www.senado.gov.br/atividade/pronunciamento/detTexto.asp?t=393376.Google Scholar
The Economist 2007Hugo Chávez Moves into Banking.” May 10. http://www.economist.com/node/9149736.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry 2010Regional Funds: Paper Tigers or Tigers with Teeth?” In Regional and Global Liquidity Arrangements, edited by Volz, Ulrich and Caliari, Aldo, 3940. Bonn: German Development Institute.Google Scholar
Goodman, Joshua 2009 “Mantega Says Brazil to Buy $10 Billion of IMF Bonds.” Bloomberg, October 5. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aAUFMxtidd9Q.Google Scholar
Hochstetler, Kathryn, and Montero, Alfred P. 2013The Renewed Developmental State: The National Development Bank and the Brazil Model.” Journal of Development Studies 49 (11): 14841499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 2012GRA and PRGT Arrangements from 1 January 2000 to 20 July 2012.” Prepared by Finance Department, July 20.Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 2013aBalance of Payments Statistics (BOPS), IMF eLibrary: Data.” Updated April 26. http://elibrary-data.imf.org (accessed April 26, 2013).Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 2013bData Template on International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity, Data and Statistics.” Updated April 26. http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/ir/IRProcessWeb/colist.aspx (accessed April 27, 2013).Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 2013cDirection of Trade Statistics (DOTS), IMF eLibrary: Data.” Updated April 26. http://elibrary-data.imf.org (accessed April 26, 2013).Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 2013dWorld Economic Outlook Database 2013.” Updated April 16. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/download.aspx (accessed April 17, 2013).Google Scholar
Leahy, Joe 2013a “Brazil's BNDES and Caixa Hit by Downgrades.” Financial Times, March 21. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0a07be4c-924f-11e2–851f-00144feabdc0.html.Google Scholar
Leahy, Joe 2013b “Brazil and China Agree Currency Swap.” Financial Times, March 26. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3e20302e-9632–11e2–9ab2–00144feabdc0.html.Google Scholar
Malamud, Andrés 2011A Leader without Followers? The Growing Divergence between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy.” Latin American Politics and Society 53 (3): 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malamud, Andrés, and Gardini, Gian Luca 2012Has Regionalism Peaked? The Latin American Quagmire and Its Lessons.” The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs 47 (1): 116133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKay, Julie, Volz, Ulrich, and Wölfinger, Regine 2011Regional Financial Arrangements and the Stability of the International Monetary System.” Journal of Globalization and Development 2 (1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MercoPress 2007Brazil Looks to Join CAF for US$1B.” March 20. http://en.mercopress.com/2007/03/20/brazil-looks-to-join-caf-for-us-1b.Google Scholar
MercoPress 2010Crisis Lesson: Better to Rely on International Reserves Than IMF Credit Says Brazil.” March 24. http://en.mercopress.com/2010/03/24/crisis-lesson-better-to-rely-on-international-reserves-than-imf-credit-says-brazil.Google Scholar
MercoPress 2011Brazil Decides Full Support for the (Development) Bank of the South.” December 15. http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/15/brazil-decides-full-support-for-the-development-bank-of-the-south.Google Scholar
MercoPress 2014Brazil and Uruguay Agree to Bilateral Trade in Local Currencies.” November 3. http://en.mercopress.com/2014/11/03/brazil-and-uruguay-agree-to-bilateral-trade-in-local-currencies.Google Scholar
Nejamkis, Guido, and Henao, Luis Andres 2011 “Latin America to Debate Anti-crisis Fund.” Globe and Mail, August 12. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/latin-american-business/latin-america-to-debate-anti-crisis-fund/article590235.Google Scholar
Ocampo, José Antonio, ed. 2006 Regional Financial Cooperation. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Ocampo, José Antonio, and Titelman, Daniel 2009Subregional Financial Cooperation: The South American Experience.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 32 (2): 249268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ocampo, José Antonio, and Titelman, Daniel 2012 “Regional Monetary Cooperation in Latin America.” Asian Development Bank Institute Working Paper 373, August. http://www.adbi.org/files/2012.08.10.wp373.regional.monetary.cooperation.latin.america.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, Samantha 2012 “Brazil: A Bank Too Big to Be Beautiful.” Financial Times, September 23. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/983f1bca-0234-11e2-b41f-00144feabdc0.html.Google Scholar
Polaski, Sandra, et al. 2009 Brazil in the Global Economy: Measuring the Gains from Trade. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Sanahuja, José Antonio 2012 “Post-Liberal Regionalism in South America: The Case of UNASUR.” European University Institute Working Paper RSCAS 2012/05, February. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/20394/RSCAS-2012-05.pdf?sequence=1.Google Scholar
Silva, Antonio Francisco A. Jr. 2011The Self-Insurance Role of International Reserves and the 2008–2010 Crisis.” Banco Central do Brasil Working Paper Series 256, November. Brasília: Banco Central do Brasil.Google Scholar
Trucco, Pablo 2012The Rise of Monetary Agreements in South America.” In The Rise of Post-hegemonic Regionalism: The Case of Latin America, edited by Riggirozzi, Pía and Tussie, Diana, 101124. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volz, Ulrich, and Caliari, Aldo, eds. 2010 Regional and Global Liquidity Arrangements. Bonn: German Development Institute.Google Scholar
Wheatley, Jonathan 2013 “Brazil's BNDES: Crowding Out, Not Crowding In.” Financial Times beyondbrics (blog), January 24. http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/01/24/brazils-bndes-crowding-out-not-crowding-in.Google Scholar
World Bank and de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Instituto 2011 Bridging the Atlantic: Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/africa-brazil-bridging-final.pdf (accessed April 12, 2013).Google Scholar