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Latin American Regional Integration: Alternative Perspectives on a Changing Reality

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ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN CENTRAL AMERICA. Edited by CLINEWILLIAM R. and DELGADOENRIQUE. (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1978.)
THE COMMONWEALTH CARIBBEAN: THE INTEGRATION EXPERIENCE. By CHERNICKSIDNEY E. (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Pp. 521. $22.50.)
THE ANDEAN GROUP: A CASE STUDY IN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. By MORAWETZDAVID. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1974. Pp. 171. $18.50.)

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Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2022

W. Andrew Axline
W. Andrew Axline*
Affiliation:
University of Ottawa
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Abstract

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Type
Review Essays
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 16 , Issue 1 , 1981 , pp. 167 - 186
Copyright
Copyright © 1981 by the University of Texas Press

References

Notes

1. David Mitrany, A Working Peace System (Chicago, Ill.: Quadrangle Books, 1966).

2. Economic integration schemes were usually studied as an example of “regional” organizations as contrasted with the “global” United Nations Organization.

3. Ernst Haas played a key role in the development of this approach with his major work on European integration, The Uniting of Europe: Political, Economic, and Social Forces, 1950–1957 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1958); other elaborations of the functionalist approach included James R Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on U.N. Programs Financing Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966) and Harold E. Engle, “A Critical Study of the Functionalist Approach to International Organization” (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1957). Also, Ernst Haas, Beyond the Nation-State: Functionalism and International Organization (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1964).

4. Among the best known of these are Leon Lindberg, The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1963); Leon Lindberg and Stuart Scheingold, Europe's Would Be Polity (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970).

5. Ernst B. Haas and Philippe C. Schmitter, “Economics and Differential Patterns of Political Integration,” in International Political Communities: An Anthology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966), pp. 259–99. Ernst B. Haas and Philippe Schmitter, The Politics of Economics in Latin American Regionalism (Denver, Colo.: University of Denver Monograph, 1965).

6. Anthony Payne, The Politics of the Caribbean Community, 1961 -1979: Regional Integration amongst New States (Manchester, England: University of Manchester Press, 1980).

7. Royce Q. Shaw, Central America: Regional Integration and National Political Development (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1978).

8. Philippe C. Schmitter, “Central American Integration: Spill-Over, Spill-Around, or Encapsulation?,” journal of Common Market Studies 9 (1970):1–48.

9. This criterion is found in Jacob Viner, The Customs Union Issue (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1950), and virtually all expositions of traditional customs union theory. J. F. Meade, Problems of Economic Union (Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press, 1953) and The Theory of Customs Unions (Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, 1955); Rolf Stannwald and Jacques Stohler, Economic Integration (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959); Tibor Scitovsky, Economic Theory and Western European Integration (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1958); Jan Tinbergen, International Economic Integration (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1954); Bela Balassa, The Theory of Economic Integration (Homewood, Ill.: Richard D. Irwin, 1961).

10. Hiroshi Kitamura, “Economic Theory and the Integration of Underdeveloped Regions,” in Miguel S. Wionczek, ed., Latin American Economic Integration (New York: Praeger, 1966); Raymond F. Mikesell, “The Theory of Common Markets as Applied to Regional Arrangements among Developing Countries,” in Roy Harrod and Douglas Hague, eds., International Trade Theory in a Developing World (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1963); Tayseer Jaber, “The Relevance of Traditional Integration Theory to Less Developed Countries,” Journal of Common Market Studies 11 (Mar. 1971); R. S. Bhambri, “Customs Unions and Underdeveloped Countries,” Economia Internazionale 15 (May 1962); F. Kahnert et al., Economic Integration among Developing Countries (Paris: OECD, 1969); Fuat Andic, Suphan Andic, and Douglas Dosser, A Theory of Economic Integration for Developing Countries (London: Allen and Unwin, 1971); Jorge Sakamoto, “Industrial Development and Integration of Underdeveloped Countries,” journal of Common Market Studies 7 (June 1969); Bela Balassa, Economic Development and Integration (Mexico: Grafica Panamericana, 1965); Yu-Min Chou, “Economic Integration in Less Developed Countries,” journal of Development Studies (July 1971); C. A. Cooper and B. Massell, “Toward a General Theory of Customs Unions for Developing Countries,” The journal of Political Economy 73 (1965).

11. W. Arthur Lewis, “The Industrialization of the British West Indies,” Caribbean Economic Review (May 1950); Raúl Prebisch, The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems (New York: United Nations, 1950).

12. Latin American integration has been criticized on this basis by: Susanne Bodenheimer, “Masterminding the Mini-Market: U.S. Aid to the Central American Common Market,” NACLA Report, and “Dependency and Imperialism: The Roots of Latin American Underdevelopment,” in K. T. Fann and Donald C. Hodges, eds., Readings in U.S. Imperialism (Boston, Mass.: Porter Sargent, 1971), p. 167; André Gunder Frank, “Latin American Economic Integration,” in André Gunder Frank, ed., Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969), pp. 175–80; Havelock Brewster and Clive Y. Thomas, The Dynamics of West Indian Economic Integration (Mona, Jamaica: ISER, 1967); Clive Y. Thomas, “Neocolonialism and Caribbean Integration,” Ratoon (Apr. 1975): 1–28.

13. This evolution is presaged in Constantine V. Vaitsos, “Crisis in Regional Economic Cooperation (Integration) among Developing Countries,” World Development (1978).

14. As Lafta has drifted into stagnation, most recent works have dealt with the three other Latin American integration schemes that, because of their attempts to deal more effectively with problems of development, have elicited greater interest.

15. The studies by economists are those (given on the title page) by Cline and Delgado, Chernick, and Morawetz; the studies by political scientists include (also listed on the title page) Shaw, Payne, and Mytelka.

16. A prime example of this literature is Institute of Latin American Integration (INTAL), I.D.B., The Latin American Integration Process in 1977 (Buenos Aires: Intal/IDB, 1978). Published annually since 1973.

17. A major exception is the work of Vaitsos, “Crisis in Regional Economic Cooperation.”

18. Morawetz also recognizes that once “distorsions” are introduced, market forces are perhaps not the best means of determining location of industry (p. 80). Chernick does not discuss this problem, although it is interesting to note that the original World Bank report on which his book is based estimated that CARIFTA/CARICOM has had a net trade creating effect.

19. Royce Shaw differs from most economic and political analysts in maintaining that the crisis over desarrollo equilibrado in the CACM was a function of national rather than regional policies (Central America, p. 102).

20. For a revealing analysis of the activities of multinational corporations in the several Latin American integration schemes, see Constantine V. Vaitsos, Regional Integration cum/versus Corporate Integration: A Review of the Motives, Conduct, and Implications of Transnational Enterprises in Regional Economic Cooperation Processes among Developing Countries (New York: U.N. Center on Transnational Corporations, 1978).

21. Anthony Payne, Politics of the Caribbean Community, sees CARICOM as regionalization rather than regionalism, and Constantine Vaitsos uses the word “integration” parenthetically in the title of his article (see note 13).

22. See André Gunder Frank, “Latin American Economic Integration.” This theme is developed most extensively in Clive Y. Thomas, Dependence and Transformation (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974). See also his “On Formulating a Marxist Theory of Regional Integration,” Transition 1 (1978):59–71.