Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T17:09:10.322Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Petroleum and Political Pacts: The Transition to Democracy in Venezuela

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 October 2022

Terry Lynn Karl
Terry Lynn Karl*
Affiliation:
Stanford University
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The tentative reemergence of democracy in Latin America in the first half of the 1980s has encouraged scholars and policymakers to take a new look at the “older” democratic experiences on the continent in their search for viable political models. Just as Chile and Uruguay were once considered the “Switzerlands of Latin America,” so Venezuela has now become the political darling of the development set. As Peter Merkl wrote in 1981, “It appears that the only trail to a democratic future for developing societies may be the one followed by Venezuela…. Venezuela is a textbook case of step-by-step progress.” Praxis, however, has produced a certain wariness toward “textbook cases” of this sort. The demise of past democratic regimes whose stability had been unquestioned for decades warns that the search for models is fraught with perils. Despite its having an established party system, Venezuela should not be expected to provide a formula for those who seek paths to democratization.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , 1987 , pp. 63 - 94
Copyright
Copyright © 1987 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

∗

The author wishes to thank Philippe C. Schmitter, David Collier, and three anonymous LARR reviewers for their comments and suggestions. The Center for International Affairs at Harvard University provided institutional support for another version that will appear in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America, edited by Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, to be published by the Johns Hopkins University Press.

References

DEMOCRATICA, ACCION 1962 Doctrina y programa. Caracas: Secretaría Nacional de Propaganda de Acción Democrática.Google Scholar
ALEXANDER, ROBERT 1964 The Venezuelan Democratic Revolution. New York: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
ARANDA, SERGIO 1977 La economía venezolana. Bogotá: Siglo XXI.Google Scholar
BURGRAFF, WINFIELD 1972 The Venezuelan Armed Forces in Politics, 1935–1959. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
CARDOSO, FERNANDO HENRIQUE, and FALETTO, ENZO 1969 Dependencia y desarrollo en América Latina. Mexico: Siglo XXI.Google Scholar
COLLIER, DAVID, ED. 1979 The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
CORDOBA, ARMANDO 1974 “La estructura tradicional y el impacto petrolero en Venezuela.” In Aspectos teóricos del subdesarrollo, by Armando Córdoba and Hector Silva. 3d ed. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela.Google Scholar
DAALDER, HANS 1973 “Building Consociational Nations.” In Building States and Nations, edited by Eisenstadt, S. N. and Rokkan, Stein Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
DONNELLY, VERNON CHARLES 1975 “Juan Vicente Gómez and the Venezuelan Worker.” Ph.D. diss., University of Maryland.Google Scholar
FAGEN, STUART 1974 “The Venezuelan Labor Movement, A Study of Political Unionism.” Ph.D. diss., University of California.Google Scholar
MENDOZA, FUNDACION n.d. Las Empresas Mendoza. Caracas: Fundación Mendoza.Google Scholar
GERSCHENKRON, ALEXANDER 1943 Bread and Democracy in Germany. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
GODIO, JULIO 1980 El movimiento obrero venezolano, 1850–1944 1. Caracas: Editorial Ateneo de Caracas.Google Scholar
GORRONDONA, J. J. GONZALEZ 1945 “Discurso.” In La libertad económica y la intervención del estado: ciclo de conferencias organizado por el Partido Democrático Venezolano. Caracas: Tipografía de la Nación.Google Scholar
HANSON, JAMES 1977 “Cycles of Economic Growth and Structural Change since 1950.” In Venezuela: The Democratic Experience, edited by Martz, John and Myers, David New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
HERRERA CAMPINS, LUIS 1978 “Transición política.” In 1958: tránsito de la dictadura a la democracia en Venezuela by J. L. Salcedo Bastardo et al. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel.Google Scholar
HIRSCHMAN, ALBERT O. 1977 “A Generalized Linkage Approach to Development, with Special Reference to Staples.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 25, supp.: 67–98.Google Scholar
INNIS, HAROLD 1956 The Fur Trade in Canada. Toronto: n.p.Google Scholar
KARL, TERRY 1985 “After La Palma: Christian Democracy, U.S. Policy, and the Prospects for Democratization in El Salvador.” In World Policy Journal 2, no. 2 (Summer 1985):305–30.Google Scholar
n.d. “Oil Booms and Petro-States: Democracy over a Barrel in Venezuela.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
KARLSSON, WEINE 1975 Manufacturing in Venezuela: Studies on Development and Location. Stockholm: Almquist and Wiksell International.Google Scholar
KELLEY, LYNN 1977 “Venezuelan Constitutional Forms and Realities.” In Venezuela: The Democratic Revolution. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
LEVINE, DANIEL 1977 “Democracy and the Church.” In Venezuela: The Democratic Revolution, edited by Martz, John and Myers, David New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
LEVINE, DANIEL 1978 “Venezuela since 1958: The Consolidation of Democratic Politics.” In The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Latin America, edited by Linz, Juan and Stepan, Alfred Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
LIEUWEN, EDWIN 1954 Petroleum in Venezuela: A History. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
LIJPHART, ARENDT 1977 Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
LIPSET, SEYMOUR MARTIN 1960 Political Man. Garden City: Doubleday.Google Scholar
MAZA ZAVALA, D. F. 1977 “Historia del medio siglo en Venezuela: 1925–1975.” In America Latina: historia del medio siglo, edited by Casanova, Pablo González Mexico City: Siglo XXI.Google Scholar
MERKL, PETER 1981 “Democratic Development, Breakdowns, and Fascism.” World Politics 34, no. 1 (Oct).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MOORE, BARRINGTON 1966 The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar
NEHRU TENNASSEE, PAUL 1979 Venezuela: los obreros petroleros y la lucha por la democracia. Madrid and Caracas: EFIP.Google Scholar
NORDLINGER, ERIC 1972 Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies. Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.Google Scholar
O'DONNELL, GUILLERMO 1973 Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism. Politics of Modernization Series, no. 9. Berkeley: Institute for International Studies, University of California.Google Scholar
PAIGE, JEFFREY 1975 Agrarian Revolution. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
PETRAS, JAMES 1977 The Nationalization of Venezuelan Oil. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
POWELL, JOHN DUNCAN 1971 The Political Mobilization of the Venezuelan Peasant. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PRZEWORSKI, ADAM 1980 Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy. Latin American Working Paper no. 61. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center.Google Scholar
RANGEL, DOMINGO ALBERTO 1964 Los andinos en el poder: balance de un hegemonía, 1899–1945. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela. 1970 Capital y desarrollo 1. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela.Google Scholar
REPUBLICA DE VENEZUELA 1961 Constitución promulgada el 23 de enero de 1961. Caracas: Senado de la República.Google Scholar
SALAZAR-CARRILLO, JORGE 1976 Oil in the Economic Development of Venezuela. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
SCHMITTER, PHILIPPE 1980 Speculations about the Prospective Demise of Authoritarian Regimes and Its Possible Consequences. Latin American Program Working Paper no. 60. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center.Google Scholar
SKOCPOL, THEDA 1979 States and Social Revolutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
STAMBOULI, ANDRES 1979 “La actuación política de la dictadura y el rechazo del autoritarianismo.” Paper presented at the Latin American Studies Association, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
SULLIVAN, WILLIAM n.d. “Situación económica y política durante el período de Juan Vicente Gómez: 1908–1935.” In Política y economía de Venezuela: 1810–1976. Caracas: Fundación Boulton.Google Scholar
TAYLOR, PHILIP 1968 The Venezuelan Golpe de Estado of 1958. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Comparative Study of Political Systems.Google Scholar
TUGWELL, FRANKLIN 1975 The Politics of Oil in Venezuela. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
WATKINS, MELVILLE 1963 “A Staple Theory of Economic Growth.” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 29 (May):141–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WOLFE, ERIC 1969 Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar