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A Survey of Recent Chilean Historiography, 1965–1976

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2022

William F. Sater
William F. Sater*
Affiliation:
California State University, Long Beach
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The past eleven years have been extremely fruitful for Chilean specialists. Various scholars have formulated theories to explain Chile's political, social, and economic development; new monographs as well as doctoral dissertations have provided grist for the generalist's mill; and studies on mining—particularly the nitrate sector—agriculture, the role of labor, and more detailed political surveys have been published. Increasingly, one notes a tendency to undertake projects that will investigate twentieth-century topics. This essay reviews some of the recent contributions to Chile's already rich historiography and attempts to include material from other disciplines as well as history. It will not, however, discuss the Allende period, whose massive and still growing literature requires separate treatment. Those interested in this topic might profitably consult the recent work of Arturo and Samuel Valenzuela, “Visions of Chile” (LARR 10, no. 3 [1975]:155–75).

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 14 , Issue 2 , 1979 , pp. 55 - 88
Copyright
Copyright © 1979 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

*

The author wishes to acknowledge the kind assistance of Jacques Barbier, Harold Blakemore, Simon Collier, and Brian Loveman.

References

Notes

The following abbreviations designate often-cited journals and books. Unless otherwise noted, all books cited are published in Santiago, Chile

AHR—American Historical Review IAEA—Inter-American Economic Affairs
BACH—Boletín de la Academia Chilena de la Historia JIAS—Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs
C—Caravelle JLAS—Journal of Latin American Studies
CAL—Cahiers des Amériques Latines M—Mapocho
EHIPS—Estudios de Historia de las Instituciones Políticas y Sociales RCHD—Revista Chilena de Historia y del Derecho
H—Historia RCHG—Revista Chilena de Historia y Geografía
HAHR—Hispanic American Historical Review
HGFC—Homenaje a Guillermo Feliú Cruz (Santiago, 1973) TA—The Americas

1. Sergio Villalobos et al., Historia de Chile (1974–76).

2. Jaime Eyzaguirre, Historia de Chile, 2d ed. (1973). See also Historia de las instituciones políticas y sociales de Chile (1970), a textbook to be used in conjunction with Fisonomía histórica de Chile.

3. Luis Vitale, Interpretación marxista de la historia de Chile, 3 vols. (1967–71). For another Marxist interpretation, see also Julio César Jobet's “Significado de la revolución de la Independencia,” in his Temas históricos chilenos (1973), pp. 153–98. Ranquil's Capítulos de la historia de Chile (1973) is a one-volume study, designed “expresamente para la clase trabajadora,” which is highly political and more valuable as a propaganda piece than an historical work.

4. Jay Kinsbruner, Chile: An Historical Interpretation (New York, 1973). For other synthetic works see: Francisco Moreno's Legitimacy and Stability in Latin America. A Study of Chilean Political Culture (New York, 1969); Guillermo Feliú Cruz, “Patria y Chilenidad,” M 5:1(1966)157–75. Richard Gray and Frederick Kirwin, “Presidential Succession in Chile: 1817–1977,” JIAS 11(1969):144–59 compare Chilean and American presidents.

5. Hernán Godoy, Estructura social de Chile (1971).

6. Lía Cortés and Jordi Fuentes, Diccionario político de Chile (1967) and Salvatore Bizzaro Historical Dictionary of Chile (Metuchen, N.J., 1972).

7. Fernando Silva Vargas, “Esquema de la Hacienda Real en Chile indiano (Siglos XVI y XVII),” RCHD 4(1965):208–50 and his “Una visita a la Real Hacienda de Chile en el siglo XVI,” BACH 77(1967):190–205; Della M. Flusche, “City Councilmen and the Church in Seventeenth-Century Chile,” Records of American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 81:3(1970):176–90, and “The Cabildo and Public Health in Seventeenth-Century Chile,” TA 29(1972):173–90; Fernando Aliaga R., S.S. “La relación diocesana de visita ‘Ad Limita’ de 1609 del Obispo de Santiago de Chile,” H 5(1966):105–65; and Eugene Korth, S.J., Spanish Policy in Colonial Chile: The Struggle for Social Justice, 1535–1700 (Stanford, Calif., 1968).

8. Fernando Silva Vargas, “La Contaduría Mayor de Cuentas del Reino de Chile,” EHIPS 2(1967):103–81; “Perú y Chile, notas sobre sus vinculaciones administrativas y fiscales,” H 7(1968):147–203; and “La visita de Areche en Chile y la subdelegación del Regente Alvarey de Acevedo,” H 6 (1967):153–91; Carlos Ugarte, “El Cabildo de Santiago y el comercio exterior del Reino de Chile durante el siglo XVIII,” EHIPS 1(1966):5–43; Jacques A. Barbier, “Elite and Cadres in Bourbon Chile,” HAHR 52(1972):416–36 and “Imperial Reform and Colonial Politics: A Secret History of Late Bourbon Chile,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut, 1973.

9. Gonzalo Vial, “La formación de las nacionalidades hispanoamericanas como causa de la independencia,” BACH 75(1966):110–45 and “Historiografía de la Independencia de Chile,” Revista de Historia de América 59(1965):256–80; Walter E. Hanisch, S.J., “Los jesuítas y la independencia de América y especialmente de Chile,” BACH 82(1969):13–77; Néstor Meza Villalobos, “La permanencia de la monarquía como problema político del reino de Chile desde la constitución de la primera Junta de Gobierno en 18 de septiembre de 1810, hasta la disolución del primer Congreso Nacional, en 15 de noviembre de 1811,” Anuario de Estudios Americanos 29(1972):637–63.

10. Simon Collier, Ideas and Politics of Chilean Independence, 1808–1833 (Cambridge, 1967).

11. Mary L. Felstiner, “Kinship Politics in the Chilean Independence Movement,” HAHR 56(1976):58–80 and Roger Haigh, The Formation of the Chilean Oligarchy: 1810–1821 (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1972). Manuel Reyno Gutierrez, “La Patria Vieja no se perdió en Rancagua,” RCHG 143(1975):153–71 downplays the theme of rivalry between O'Higgins and Carrera.

12. Raúl Silva Castro, Asistentes al Cabildo Abierto de setiembre de 1810 (1968).

13. Manuel Salvat M., “El delito de infidelidad a la Patria. Apuntes en torno al caso de los desterrados chilenos en Juan Fernández, 1810–1817,” H 8(1969):463–88.

14. Jaime Eyzaguirre, “La conducta política del grupo dirigente chileno durante la guerra de la Independencia,” EHIPS 2(1967):227–71.

15. Ricardo Krebs, “La independencia de Chile en el pensamiento de Manuel de Salas,” BACH 75(1966):145–55 and Manuel Salvat M., “El delito de infidelidad a la Patria. Un caso chileno,” BACH 87(1973):17–39.

16. Julio Retamal F., “El Cabildo Eclesiástico de Santiago en los prolegómenos de la Independencia de Chile,” H 6(1967):285–317.

17. Horacio Aránguiz, “La aplicación de la Constitución de 1818,” EHIPS 1(1966):121–49; Guillermo Donoso V., “Acotaciones en torno a la Declaración de la Independencia de Chile,” HGFC, pp. 199–256; Zenón Urrutia, “Un decenio del Cabildo penquista (1818–1828),” HGFC, pp. 973–1038; Gabriel Guarda, “Reprecusión en Chile de la Independencia del Perú,” BACH 85(1971):121–29; Javier González, “Notas sobre la regulación jurídica de la Expedición Libertadora de 1820,” BACH 85(1971):105–19; and Alamiro de Ávila Martel, “Presencia de Bolívar en Chile en 1819,” BACH 85(1971):39–77.

18. Juan Eduardo Vargas C., “El pensamiento político del grupo estanquero, 1826–1829,” H 9(1970):7–37.

19. Javier González, “Un estudio de influencias doctrinarias en la Independencia: El concepto de diputado o representante popular,” H 6(1967):127–53.

20. Collier, Ideas and Politics, p. 317.

21. Sergio Martínez B., “El federalismo en Chile,” RCHG 138(1970):104–33.

22. Jay Kinsbruner, Diego Portales. Interpretative Essays on the Man and Times (The Hague, 1967) and Errol D. Jones, “The Weight of the Night: Political, Economic, and Social Transformation of Chile, 1810–1830,” Ph.D. dissertation, Texas Christian University, 1971.

23. Luis Vitale, Las guerras civiles de 1851 y 1859 en Chile (Concepción, 1971).

24. Ruth Iturriaga J., La comuna y el sitio de la Serena en 1851 (1973). Guillermo Donoso, “La revolución de 1851 en Talca,” RCHG 141(1973):88–115; 142(1974):54–94; 143(1975):5–46. See also Patricio Rogers, “La revolución de los ‘constituyentes’ de 1858–1859,” M 21(1970):243–64.

25. Patricio Estellé, “El Club de la Reforma de 1868–1871. Notas para el estudio de una combinación política en el siglo XIX,” H 9(1970):111–35.

26. Cristián Zegers A., “Historia política del gobierno de Aníbal Pinto,” H 6(1967):7–127. See also Thomas Bader, “A Willingness to War: A Portrait of the Republic of Chile during the Years Preceding the War of the Pacific,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1967.

27. William F. Sater, “Chile during the First Months of the War of the Pacific,” JLAS 5 (1973):133–58 and his Heroic Image in Chile: Arturo Prat, Secular Saint (Berkeley, Calif., 1973). For other works on the War of the Pacific, Editorial Fransico de Aguirre of Buenos Aires has republished the following books: Arturo Benavides S., Seis años de vacaciones (1967) and Historia compendiada de la Guerra del Pacífico (1972); Alberto del Solar, Diario de campaña (1967); Theodorus B. M. Mason, Guerra en el Pacífico del Sur, trans. Carlos López (1971) and M. Le León, Recuerdos de una misión en el ejército chileno (1969). Other works are: Daniel Riquelme, La expedición a Lima (1967); Juan Agustín Rodríguez, Patricio Lynch, Vice almirante y General en Jefe (1967); Manuel Escala E., El General Erasmo Escala (1971). In addition, numerous articles have published the correspondence of many participants in the war from government ministers to enlisted men.

28. Julio César Jobet, Ensayo crítico del desarrollo económico social de Chile (1955); Hernán Ramírez Necochea, La guerra civil de 1891 (1958); and Crisóstomo Pizarro, La revolución de 1891 (1971).

29. Harold Blakemore, “The Chilean Revolution of 1891 and Its Historiography,” HAHR 45(1965):393–422 and British Nitrates and Chilean Politics 1886–1896: Balmaceda and North (London, 1974).

30. Julio Heise G., Historia de Chile. El Período Parlamentario, 1861–1925 (1974). Hermógenes Pérez de Arce, “La política económica del gobierno del presidente Balmaceda,” in Visión y verdad sobre Balmaceda (1972), pp. 111–40, also argues that it was not his economic policy that precipitated the rebellion. Sergio Onofre J.'s “Balmaceda, el politico,” which appears in the same book as the Pérez essay, pp. 95–110, stresses that Balmaceda subordinated everything to politics. Ximena Vergara and Luis Barros, “La Guerra Civil del 91 y la instauración del parlamentarismo,” Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales 3(1972):71–94, also deny the importance of economic issues in the 1891 revolution. No substantial questions divided the landed aristocracy and the emerging bourgeoisie; indeed, the Liberal Democrats pursued goals similar to those of other political parties. The rebellion occurred, the authors claim, because the oligarchy wished to share power with the president, especially since the state had become wealthy from nitrates. Garcia de la Huerta's “Juntas revolucionarias de los años 1890 y 1891,” RCHG 143 (1975):73–107, studies the activities of the anti-Balmaceda forces during the civil war, concluding that the rebels seemed to enjoy the most success in the Santiago-Valparaiso region.

31. Raúl Silva Castro, Balmaceda (1969). For other works on Balmaceda see: Félix Miranda S., Balmaceda, El hombre (1973); Mario Correa Saavedra, “Personalidad íntima de Balmaceda,” Visión y verdad (1972), pp. 9–61, which is a biographical study. Fernando Silva Vargas, Pensamiento de Balmaceda (1974). Numerous works containing the memoirs of those who participated in the Civil War have also been published: Una familia bajo la dictadura (Buenos Aires, 1972) as well as I. Valdés V.'s La revolución de 1891 (Buenos Aires, 1970). In addition, numerous accounts of participants have appeared in periodicals.

32. Julio Heise G., “El caciquismo político en el Período Parlamentario (1891–1925), HGFC, pp. 537–77.

33. Juan Eduardo Vargas, “Notas sobre el pensamiento político de Pedro Montt,” EHIPS 2(1967):271–99, and “Dos mentalidades políticas a comienzo de siglo XX: los partidos tradicionales y la tendencia nacionalista,” Revista de Ciencias Sociales 8 (1975):193–214.

34. Augusto Orrego Luco, “La cuestión social en Chile,” was reprinted in Anales de la Universidad de Chile 119(1961):43–55. The article first appeared in La Patria (Valparaíso) in 1884.

35. Fernando Silva Vargas, “Notas sobre el pensamiento social católico a fines del siglo XIX,” H 4(1965):237–64 and Pedro Iñiguez I., Notas sobre el desarrollo del pensamiento social en Chile, 1901–1906 (1968); James Morris, Elites, Intellectuals, and Consensus (Ithaca, N.Y., 1966). Jobet also deals with this topic in his “Apuntes relacionados con los orígenes de la ‘cuestión social’ en Chile,” in his Temas, pp. 198–242.

36. Horacio Aránguiz, R. Coydyoudmjian [sic] and Juan Vargas, “La vida política chilena, 1915–1916,” H 7(1968):15–89.

37. Fernando Pinto L., Crónica política del siglo XX (1972) and Jorge Barría, Chile en el siglo XX: un ensayo de interpretación histórica (1967).

38. Heise, Historia, pp. 295, 299, 301, 319, 357–59.

39. Enrique Reyes, El desarrollo de la conciencia proletaria en Chile (n.d.).

40. René Millar C., “Significado y antecedentes del movimiento militar de 1924,” H 11(1972–73):7–103 and Frederick Nunn, Chilean Politics, 1920–1931: The Honorable Mission of the Armed Forces (Albuquerque, N.M., 1970).

41. Raúl Aldunate P., Revolución de los tenientes (1970–71). See also Heise, Historia.

42. George Strawbridge, “Military and Nationalism in Chile, 1920–1932,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1968 and his “Ibáñez and Alessandri: The Authoritarian Right and Democratic Left in Twentieth-Century Chile,” mimeographed (Buffalo, N.Y., 1971).

43. Hugh Bicheno, “Anti-Parliamentary Themes in Chilean History,” Government and Opposition 7(1972):351–89 and Carlos Charlin, Del avión rojo a la República Socialista (1972).

44. Paul Drake, “The Political Responses of the Chilean Upper Class to the Great Depression and the Threat of Socialism, 1931–33,” in The Well-Born and the Powerful, ed. Frederick Copie Jaher (Urbana, Ill., 1973), pp. 304–37 and “Socialism and Populism in Chile: The Origins of the Leftward Movement of the Chilean Electorate, 1931–1933,” Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1971.

45. Luis Palma Z., Historia del Partido Radical (1967) and Peter Snow, Radicalismo chileno Buenos Aires, 1972); George Grayson, El Partido Democráta Cristiano chileno (Buenos Aires, 1965); Paul Drake, “The Chilean Socialist Party and Coalition Politics, 1932–1946,” HAHR 53(1973):616–44. David Corkill's “The Chilean Socialist Party and the Popular Front 1933–41,” The Journal of Contemporary History 11 (1976):261–73 describes the party's participation in the ill-fated Popular Front. Jack Thomas, “The Evolution of a Chilean Socialist: Marmaduke Grove,” HAHR 47(1967):22–38 and “Marmaduke Grove and the Chilean National Election of 1932,” The Historian 29(1966):22–33. Miriam Hochwald, “Imagery in Politics: A Study of the Ideology of the Chilean Socialist Party,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1971. Julio César Jobet, El Partido Socialista de Chile, 2 vols. (2d ed., 1971), and Alejandro Chelen R., Trayectoria del socialismo (Buenos Aires, 1967). Fernando Casanueva V. and Manuel Fernández C., El Partido Socialista y la lucha de clases en Chile (1973).

46. Michael Potashnik, “Nacismo: National Socialism in Chile, 1932–1938,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1974.

47. Hernán Ramírez Necochea, Origen y formación del Partido Comunista de Chile (1965). The projects underway are: S. Pierce, “The Communist and Socialist Parties in Chilean National Politics,” M. Litt. University of Glasgow; A. G. Barnard, “The Chilean Communist Party, 1927–1947, with Particular Reference to the Popular Front,” UC, University of London; D. P. Skidmore, “The Radical Party of Chile with Special Reference to the Period 1938–1970,” LSE, University of London, Ph.D.

48. Ben Burnett, Political Groups in Chile (Austin, Texas, 1970). Federico Gil, The Political System of Chile (Boston, Mass., 1966). Weston Agor, The Chilean Senate: Internal Distribution of Influence (Austin, Texas, 1971).

49. Germán Urzúa Valenzuela and Anamaría García, Diagnóstico de la burocracia chilena (1818–1968) (1971). See also: Peter S. Cleves, Bureaucratic Politics and Administration in Chile (Berkeley, Calif., 1975).

50. Germán Urzúa, Los partidos políticos chilenos. Las fuerzas políticas. Ensayos de insurgencia política en Chile (1968).

51. Arturo Alessandri, Recuerdos de gobierno, 3 vols. (1967); Gabriel González Videla, Memorias, 2 vols. (1975); Leonardo Guzmán, Un episodio olvidado de la historia nacional (1966); Marcos Chamudes, Chile una advertencia americana (n.d.). Jorge Barria S., Chile siglo XX. Ensayo histórico social (1973); Hugo Zemelman, “El Movimiento Popular chileno y el sistema de alianzas en la década de 1930,” in Génesis histórica del proceso político chileno, ed. Enzo Faletto, Eduardo Ruiz, and Hugo Zemelman (1971), pp. 33–117; Marta Infante B., Testigos del treinta y ocho (1972); Richard R. Super, “The Chilean Popular Front Presidency of Pedro Aguirre: 1939–1941,” Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University, 1975. See also: D. Corkill, “From Dictatorship to Popular Front: Parties and Coalition Politics in Chile, 1931–1941,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Essex, 1974.

52. Arturo Olararría B., Chile entre dos Alessandri 3–4 (1965) and Chile bajo la democracia cristiana, 5 vols. (1966–69). Some of the few works on the most recent periods are: Ernst Halperin, Nationalism and Communism in Chile (Cambridge, Mass., 1965); James Petras, Politics and Social Forces in Chilean Development (Berkeley, Calif., 1970); Thomas L. Edwards, “Economic Development and Reform in Chile. Progress under Frei, 1964–1970,” mimeographed (East Lansing, Mich., 1972); Mario Zañartu, S.J. and John J. Kennedy, eds., The Overall Development of Chile (Notre Dame, Ind., 1970); Michael Francis, The Allende Victory; An Analysis of the 1970 Presidential Election (Tucson, Ariz., 1973); and Norbert Lechner, La democracia en Chile (Buenos Aires, 1970).

53. Marcello Carmagnani, “La producción agropecuaria chilena (1680–1830),” CHL 3(1969):3–21 and Les Mecanismes de la vie économique dans une société coloniale: Le Chili, 1680–1830 (Paris, 1973).

54. Demetrio Ramos, Trigo chileno, navieros del Callao y hacendados limeños entre la crisis agrícola del siglo XVII y la comercial de la primera mitad del XVIII (Madrid, 1967).

55. Carlos Ugarte, “El Cabildo de Santiago y el comercio exterior del Reino de Chile durante el siglo XVIII,” EHIPS 1 (1966):5–43.

56. Carlos Sempat A., “Chile y Tucumán en el siglo XVI. Una correspondencia de mercaderes,” H 9(1970):65–111.

57. Sergio Villalobos, Comercio y contrabando en el Río de la Plata y Chile (Buenos Aires, 1965) and Jaime Eyzaguirre, “El alcance político del decreto de libertad de comercio de 1811,” BACH 75(1966):155–61.

58. Fernando Silva Vargas, “Perú y Chile. Notas sobre sus vinculaciones administrativas y fiscales (1785–1800),” H 7(1968):147–203 and “La visita de Areche en Chile y la subdelegación de Álvarez de Acevado,” H 6(1967):153–219. See also Sergio Villalobos, El comercio y la crisis colonial. Un mito de la Independencia (1968); David H. Edwards, “Economic Effects of the Intendency System on Chile: Captain General Ambrosio O'Higgins as Reformer,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1973.

59. Hernán Ramírez Necochea, Antecedentes económicos de la Independencia de Chile (1959); André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York, 1967); Jacinto Vaello, Estructura de la economía colonial (1970). See also Stephan de Vylder, From Colonialism to Dependence: An Introduction to Chile's Economic History (Stockholm, 1974); and Anibal Pinto et al., Chile hoy (Mexico, 1970). For a Marxist overview there is also José Cademartori, La economía chilena (1970).

60. Marcello Carmagnani, Sviluppo industriale e sottosviluppo economico. Il caso cileno (1860–1920) (Turino, 1971).

61. Charles Pregger Román, “Dependent Development in Nineteenth-Century Chile,” Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University, 1971; Roger J. Burbach, “The Chilean Industrial Bourgeoisie and Foreign Capital, 1920–1970,” Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1975. For other works dealing with the formation of the Chilean capitalist class see also: Genaro Arriagada, La oligarquía patronal chilena (1970) and Ricardo Lagos, La concentración del poder económico (1965).

62. S. F. Edwards, “Chilean Economic Policy Goals, 1811–1829: A Study of Late Eighteenth-Century Social Mercantilism and Early Nineteenth-Century Economic Reality,” Ph.D. dissertation, Tulane University, 1971 and John Rector, “Merchants, Trade, and Commercial Policy in Chile: 1810–1840,” Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1976. See also Rector's “Transformaciones comerciales producidas por la Independencia de Chile,” RCHG 143(1975):107–27.

63. William F. Sater, “Economic Nationalism and Tax Reform in Late Nineteenth-Century Chile,” TA 33(1976):311–35.

64. Henry Kirsch, “The Industrialization of Chile, 1880–1930,” Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Florida, 1974. See also his “Balmaceda y la burguesía nacional: Realidad o Utopía?,” mimeographed (1970).

65. Thomas C. Wright, “Agriculture and Protectionism in Chile, 1880–1930,” JLAS 7(1975):45–58 and “Origins of the Politics of Inflation in Chile, 1888–1918,” HAHR 53(1973):239–59.

66. Oscar Muñoz, Crecimiento industrial de Chile, 1914–1965 (1968).

67. Robert Oppenheimer, “Chilean Transportation Development: The Railroads and Socioeconomic Change in the Central Valley, 1840–1885,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1976; John Whaley, “Transportation in Chile's Bío Bío Region, 1850–1915,” Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1974.

68. Harold Blakemore, “Limitation of Dependency: An Historian's View and Case Study,” Boletín de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe 18(1975):74–83.

69. Thomas Bader, “Before the Gold Fleets: Trade and Relations between Chile and Australia 1830–1848,” JLAS 6(1974):35–58; Sater, “Economic Nationalism,” pp. 317–18. For other aspects of Chile's international trade see T. W. Keeble, Commercial Relations between British Overseas Territories and South America, 1806–1914 (London, 1970); D. C. M. Platt, Latin America and British Trade, 1806–1914 (New York, 1973). The activities of the French trading house of A. D. Bordes et fils in Chile during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has been very ably studied by Marthe Barbance, Vie Commerciale de la Route du Cap Horn au XIXe siècle. L'armement A. D. Bordes et fils (Paris, S.E.V.P.E.N., 1969).

70. Jay Kinsbruner, “The Political Influence of the British Merchants Resident in Chile during the O'Higgins Administration, 1817–1823,” TA 27(1970):26–39 and “Water for Valparaiso: A Case Study of Entrepreneurial Frustration,” JIAS 10(1968):652–61; Roland Duncan, “Chile and Peru: The First Successful Steamers in the Pacific,” American Neptune 35(1975):248–74 and his “William Wheelwright and Early Steam Navigation in the Pacific, 1820–1840,” TA 32(1975):257–81.

71. Kirsch, “Industrialization of Chile,” pp. 99–101.

72. Marcos Mamalakis, The Growth and Structure of the Chilean Economy (New Haven, Conn., 1976).

73. Pierre Vayssiere, “Au Chili: de l‘économie coloniale à l'inflation: les problèmes monétaires chiliens, depuis l'Independence jusqu‘à la Guerre du Pacifique, 1817–1880,” CAL 5(1970):3–31.

74. Marcello Carmagnani, “Banques étrangères et banques nationales au Chili (1900–1920),” C 20(1973):31–51.

75. Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, Políticas económicas en Chile, 1852–1870 (1973) and Rolf Luders, “The Monetary History of Chile, 1925–1958,” Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1968. A work just completed is P. S. Conoboy, “Money and Politics in Chile, 1878–1925,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southampton, 1977.

76. S. F. Edwards, “The Consolidation of Underdevelopment in Late Nineteenth-Century Chile: Some Biographical Bases and Suggested Research Strategies,” SECOLAS Annals 4(1973):39–55. Oscar Bermúdez, “El Salitre de Tarapacá y Antofagasta durante la ocupación militar chilena,” Anales de la Universidad del Norte, 5(1966):131–82. For a study of early government policy also see: Fernando Silva Vargas, “Los ferrocarriles salitreros de Tarapacá durante el gobierno de Santa María,” EHIPS 1(1966):43–121. Thomas O'Brien, “British Investors and the Decline of the Chilean Nitrate Entrepreneurs, 1870–1890,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut, 1975. For a highly political interpretation see: Michael A. Meeropol, “On the Origins of the Chilean Nitrate Enclave,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1973. Michael Monteon, “The British in the Atacama Desert: The Cultural Bases of Economic Nationalism,” Journal of Economic History 35(1975):117–33.

77. Ricardo Couyoumdjian, “El mercado del salitre durante la primera guerra mundial y la postguerra, 1914–1921. Notas para su estudio,” H 12(1974):13–54. See also his “Anglo-Chilean Economic Relations during the First World War and Its Aftermath, 1914–1920,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of London, 1976. Michael P. Monteon, “The Nitrate Mines and the Origins of the Chilean Left, 1880–1925,” Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard, 1974; Enrique Reyes, El desarrollo de la conciencia proletaria en Chile (n.d.); Oscar Bermúdez, “El Dr. Nicolás Palacios y la industria del salitre,” RCHG 136(1968):201–49. L. Stickell has completed a dissertation “Migrants and Mines: Labor in Northern Chile in the Nitrate Age, 1880–1930,” at the University of Indiana, Bloomington, which will provide additional information on working conditions in the mines as well as the migration patterns of the nitrate workers.

78. Claudio Véliz, “Egaña, Lambert, and the Chilean Mining Associations of 1825,” HAHR 55(1975):637–63; Pierre Vayssiere, “La division internacionale du travail et la denationalisation du cuivre chilien (1880–1920),” C 20(1973):7–29; Clark Reynolds, “Development Problems of an Export Economy: The Case of Chile and Copper,” in Essays on the Chilean Economy (Homewood, Ill., 1965), pp. 203–398.

79. Mariano Puga, El Cobre Chileno (1965); George Ingram, U.S. Property in South America: Nationalization of Oil and Copper in Peru, Bolivia, and Chile (New York, 1974); Theodore Moran, Multinational Corporations and the Politics of Dependence: Copper in Chile (Princeton, N.J., 1974). See also his “The Alliance for Progress and The Foreign Copper Companies and their Conservative Allies,' in Chile, 1955–1970,” IAEA 25(1972):3–25.

80. Leland Pederson, The Mining Industry of the Norte Chico (Evanston, Ill., 1966); Augusto Bruna, Evolución histórica del dominio del estado en materia minera (1971).

81. Arnold Bauer, “Chilean Rural Labor in the Nineteenth Century,” AHR 76(1971): 1059–83; Horacio Aránguiz D., “La situación de los trabajadores agrícolas en el siglo XIX,” EHIPS 2(1967):5–33; Atropos, “El inquilino en Chile. Su vida. Un siglo sin variaciones, 1861–1961,” M 5(1966):195–218 (this is a reprint from Revista del Pacífico of 1861); Ramón Domínguez, “Nuestro sistema de inquilinaje en 1867,” M 5(1966):296–313 (this is also a reprint).

82. Arnold Bauer, “The Hacienda ‘El Huique’ in the Agrarian Structure of Nineteenth-Century Chile,” Agricultural History 46(1972):455–70; Rafael Herrera, “Memoria sobre la hacienda ‘Las Condes’ en 1895,” BACH 79(1968):121–205; Horacio Aránguiz D., “Notas para el estudio de la Hacienda de la Calera de Tango,” H 6(1967):221–63.

83. Gonzalo Izquierdo, Un estudio de las ideologías chilenas. La Sociedad de Agricultura en el siglo XIX (1968).

84. Silvia Hernández, “Transformaciones tecnológicas en la agricultura de Chile Central: siglo XIX,” Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios Socioeconómicos, no. 3 (1966).

85. Thomas C. Wright, “The Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura in Chilean Politics, 1879–1938,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1971.

86. Claudio Gay, Agricultura chilena, 2 vols., 2d ed. (1973); Ricardo Donoso and Fanor Velasco, La propiedad austral, 2d ed. (1970).

87. Arnold Bauer, Chilean Rural Society from the Spanish Conquest until 1930 (Cambridge, 1975).

88. Mario Ballestros, “Desarrollo agrícola chileno, 1910–1955,” Cuadernos de Economía 2(1965):7–36.

89. Carl E. Solberg, “A Discriminatory Frontier Land Policy: Chile, 1870–1914,” TA 26(1969):115–34.

90. Brian Loveman, Struggle in the Countryside. Politics and Rural Labor in Chile, 1919–1973 (Bloomington, Ind., 1976). Other works dealing with the agrarian reform question are: Robert Kaufman, The Chilean Political Right and Agrarian Reform (Washington, D.C., 1967) and The Politics of Land Reform in Chile, 1950–1970 (Cambridge, Mass., 1972); Jeannine Swift, Agrarian Reform in Chile (New York, 1971); and William Thiesenhusen, Chile's Experiments in Agrarian Reform (Madison, Wis., 1966). For a more enthusiastic view of Allende's agrarian reform policy see: Peter Winn and Cristobal Kay, “Agrarian Reform and Rural Revolution in Allende's Chile,” JLAS 6(1974): 135–59.

91. Jorge Barría, El movimiento obrero en Chile (1971); Historia de la CUT (1971); and “Historia sindical de Chile,” M 4(1965):67–88. Leonardo Castillo et al., “Notas para un estudio de la historia del movimiento obrero en Chile,” Cuadernos de la Realidad Nacional 4 (1970):3–30 contains a useful bibliography. There is also Patricio Manns, Breve síntesis del movimiento obrero (1972). Osvaldo Arias, La prensa obrera en Chile, 1900–1930 (Chillán, 1970) also provides an invaluable source tool for the scholar. Alan Angell, Politics and the Labor Movement in Chile (Oxford, 1972); also his “La clase obrera y la política en Chile,” Desarrollo Económico 9(1969):33–65. Michael Monteon, “The Nitrate Mines and the Origins of the Chilean Left, 1880–1925,” Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard, 1974; Enrique Reyes, El desarrollo de la conciencia proletaria en Chile (n.d.); Juan Cobo, Yo ví nacer y morir a los pueblos salitreros (1971) also deals with conditions in the salitreras.

92. Mario Góngora, Encomenderos y estancieros (1970).

93. Joseph B. Fichandler and Thomas O'Brien, “Santiago, Chile, 1541–1581: A Case Study of Urban Stagnation,” TA 33(1976):205–26.

94. María González Pomes, “La encomienda indígena en Chile durante el siglo XVIII,” H 5(1966):7–106.

95. Alvaro Jara, “Salario en una economía caracterizada por las relaciones de dependencia personal,” RCHG 133(1965):40–61.

96. Mario Góngora, “Vagabundaje y sociedad fronteriza en Chile (Siglo XVII a XIX),” Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios Socioeconómicos, no. 2(1966).

97. Gonzalo Vial, “La aristocracia chilena a fines del siglo XVII,” in Estudios en honor de Pedro Lira U., ed. by Tomás Mac Hale (n.d.), pp. 365–79. Thomas C. Bradman, “Land and Society in Early Colonial Santiago de Chile, 1540–1575,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida, 1975.

98. Gonzalo Vial, “Los prejuicios sociales en Chile al terminar el siglo XVIII,” BACH 73(1965):14–29; José Armando de Ramón Folch, “La sociedad española de Santiago de Chile entre 1581 y 1596,” H 4(1965):191–228.

99. Mario Góngora, “Urban Social Stratification in Colonial Chile,” HAHR 55(1975):221–228; Jay Kinsbruner, “The Political Status of the Chilean Merchants at the End of the Colonial Period: The Concepción Example, 1790–1810,” TA 29(1972):30–57.

100. Gabriel Marcella, “The Structure of Politics in Nineteenth-Century Spanish America: The Chilean Oligarchy, 1843–1891,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Notre Dame, 1973.

101. Marcello Carmagnani, “Colonial Latin American Demography: Growth of the Chilean Population, 1700–1830,” The Journal of Social History 1(1967): 179–91 and his joint article with Herbert Klein, “Demografía histórica. La población del Obispado de Santiago, 1777–1778,” BACH 72(1965):58–74; René Salinas M., “Caracteres generales de la evolución demográfica de un centro urbano chileno: Valparaíso, 1685–1830,” H 10(1971):177–205 and his Población de Valparaíso en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII (Valparaíso, 1970); William F. Sater, “The Black Experience in Chile,” in Robert Toplin's Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America (Westport, Conn., 1974), pp. 13–50; and Luis Lira M., “Padrones del Reino de Chile existentes en el Archivo de Indias,” Revista de Historia 13(1965):85–88. Alvaro Jara's Guerra y sociedad en Chile was translated from its original French and published in Spanish in 1971. René Salinas' “Raciones alimenticias en Chile colonial,” H 12(1974–75):57–71 analyzes the eating habits of seventeenth-century Chileans.

102. Carl Solberg, Immigration and Nationalism (Austin, Tex., 1970). Immigration during the colonial period is covered partially by Eulalia Lahmeyer Lobo, “Imigraçao e colonizaçao no Chile Colonial (1540–1565),” Revista de Historia 35(1967):39–61; Marcello Segall, “Esclavitud y tráfico culies en Chile,” JIAS 10(1968):117–33; Victor C. Dalhl, “Yugoslav Immigrant Experience in Argentina and Chile,” IAEA 28(1974):3–26.

103. Jean Pierre Blancpain, Les Allemands au Chile, 1816–1945 (Cologne, 1974); also his “La tradición campesina alemana en Chile,” BACH 81(1969):81–139 and “La tradition paysanne allemande au Chili: la colonie de Llanquihue, 1850–1920,” CAL 4(1969):3–41. George Young, “Bernardo Philippi, Initiator of German Colonization in Chile,” HAHR 51(1971):478–396 and The Germans in Chile: Immigration and Colonization, 1849–1914 (New York, 1974). For other information on German immigration and influence in Chile see: Documentos sobre la colonización del sur de Chile, de la colección histórica de Emilio Held (1970) and M. Matthei, O.S.B., “Los primeros jesuítas germanos en Chile, (1686–1722),” BACH 77(1967):146–89. For internal migration within Chile see Bruce Herrick, Urban Migration and Economic Development in Chile (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), and for migration from Chile to California, Carlos López, Chilenos in California (San Francisco, 1973).

104. Fernando Campos H., “Concepción y su historia,” BACH 83–84(1970):11–147; Oscar Bermúdez, Origines históricos de Antofagasta (Antofagasta, 1966) and “Pica en el Siglo XVIII, estructura económica y social,” RCHG 141(1973):7–57; Guillermo Kaempffer, San Miguel (1966); René León Echaíz, Nuño-hue. Historia de Nuñoa (Buenos Aires, 1972); Historia de Curicó, 2 vols. (1968); and Historia de Santiago, 2 vols. (1975); Manuel Mesa S., Proyección história de la provincia de Linares (Linares, 1965); Eduardo Pino Z., Historia de Temuco (Temuco, 1969); Isabel Montt P., Breve historia de Valdivia (Buenos Aires, 1971); Gabriel Guarda, O.S.B., Un río y una ciudad de plata (n.d.) are some examples. Guillermo Feliú Cruz, Santiago a Comienzos del Siglo XIX (1970) and Ignacio Domeyko, “La apacible vida santiaguina a mediados del siglo XIX,” M 3(1965):32–57 describe conditions in Santiago.

105. Hernán Rodríguez V., “Historia de un solar de la ciudad de Santiago, 1554–1909,” H 11(1972–73):103–53; Fernando Campo H., “Estudio de una propiedad rural chilena del siglo XVII a la luz del derecho indiano,” RCHD 6(1970):158–69; Armando de Ramón, “Santiago de Chile, 1650–1700,” H 12(1974–75):93–375.

106. Mateo Martinic, Magallanes, Síntesis de tierra y gentes (Buenos Aires, 1972); Armando Braun M., Pequeña historia magallánica, 2d ed. (Buenos Aires, 1969). The following works are particularly important for describing the economic and administration nature of the various areas: Carlos Olguín B., Instituciones políticas y administrativas de Chiloé en el siglo XVIII (1971); Gabriel Guarda, O.S.B., “La economía de Chile austral antes de la colonización alemana, 1645–1850,” H 10(1971):205–345; Adolfo Ibáñez Santa María, “La incorporación de Aisén a la vida nacional, 1902–1936,” H 11(1972–73):259–379; Sergio Vergara Q., Economía y sociedad en Magallanes, 1843–1877 (1973).

107. Leonardo Mazzei, “Ensayo de un recuento bibliográfico relativo a la zona sur de Chile. Talca-Magallanes (1812–1912),” HGFC, pp. 689–864.

108. Oscar Espinosa M., El Precio de la paz chileno-argentina (1810–1969), 3 vols. (1969); Exequiel González Madariaga, Nuestras relaciones con Argentina, 3 vols. (1970–74).

109. Manuel Hormazábal, Chile una patria mutilada (1969) and Mateo Martinic, B., Presencia de Chile en la patagonia austral. 1843–1879, 2d ed. (1971). More reasoned studies are Guillermo Lagos C., Las fronteras de Chile (1966) and Robert Talbott, A History of the Chilean Boundaries (Ames, Iowa, 1974) and “The Chilean Boundary in the Strait of Magellan,” HAHR 47(1967):519–32.

110. Geoffrey Smith, “The Role of José M. Balmaceda in Preserving Argentine Neutrality in the War of the Pacific,” HAHR 49(1969):254–67; Francisco Orrego Vicuña, “La política internacional de Balmaceda en el área del Pacífico,” in Visión y Verdad sobre Balmaceda (1972), pp. 61–95.

111. Oscar Espinosa M., Bolivia y el mar, 1810–1964 (1965). Ximena Rojas V., Don Adolfo Ibáñez. Su gestión con el Perú y Bolivia, 1870–1879 (1970). Less objective studies are those of Jaime Eyzaguirre, Breve historia de las fronteras de Chile (1967) and “El intento de negociación chileno-boliviana de 1950 y su secuela,” EHIPS 1(1966):279–313. A more objective approach is William L. Krieg, The Legacy of the War of the Pacific (Washington, D.C., 1974).

112. Jorge Edwards, “El decenio de Bulnes a través de los archivos del Quai d'Orsay,” BACH 74(1966):7–25 and “La diplomacia francesa y la aventura de Orélie Antonine I, rey de la Araucanía, según los Archivos del Quai d'Orsay,” BACH 74(1965):132–44. Mario Barros, La Misión Eastman en el Ecuador (Quito, 1966).

113. Jorge Dupouy G., Relaciones chileno-argentinas durante el gobierno de Jorge Montt, 1891–1896 (1968); Octavio Errázuriz Guilisasti, Las relaciones chileno-argentinas durante la presidencia de Riesco, 1901–1906 (1968); Germán Cárrasco D., El arbitraje británico de 1899–1903 (1968); and Juan José Fernández, “Los pactos de mayo y la diplomacia británica,” BACH 73(1965):99–131.

114. Eugenio Pereira Salas, Los primeros contactos entre Chile y los Estados Unidos, 1778–1809 (1971); Carlos Mery Squella, Relaciones diplomáticas entre Chile y los Estados Unidos de América, 1829–1841 (1965); Vladimir Smolenski, “Los Estados Unidos y la Guerra del Pacífico: Historia de una intervención que no llegó a efectuarse,” BACH 78(1968):96–120; William F. Sater, “La intervención norteamericana durante la Guerra del Pacífico: refutaciones a Vladimir Smolenski,” BACH 83–84(1970):185–206; Patricio Estellé, “La controversia chileno norteamericana de 1891–1892,” EHIPS 1(1966):149–279.

115. Cristián Guerrero Y., La Conferencia del Niágara Falls (1966).

116. Richard J. Snyder, “William S. Culbertson in Chile: Opening the Door to a Good Neighbor, 1928–1933,” IAEA 26(1972):81–96.

117. Michael J. Francis, “The United States at Rio, 1942. The Strain of Pan Americanism,” JLAS 6(1974):77–95. For the Chilean side see Ernesto Barros Jarpa, “Historia para olvidar. Ruptura con el Eje (1941–1942),” HGFC, pp. 31–96.

118. James W. Cortada, “Diplomatic Rivalry between Spain and the United States over Chile and Peru, 1864–1871,” IAEA 27(1974):47–59.

119. Héctor Hernán Bruit Cabrera, “El desarrollo del nacionalismo en Chile y la cuestión hispano-peruana de 1864,” Anales de la Universidad de Chile 138(1966):118–60.

120. Mario Barros, Historia Diplomática de Chile (1541–1938) (Barcelona, 1970).

121. Robert Burr, By Reason or Force (Berkeley, Calif., 1965).

122. For debate on Burr's work see: Thomas M. Bader, “The Chancellery and the Change Purse: A Skeptic's View of the Application of a ‘Balance of Power’ Concept to Nineteenth-Century South America,” and Robert N. Burr, “Commentary on the Papers of Professors Hann and Bader,” Proceedings of the Pacific Coast Council on Latin American Studies 3 (1974):45–72. Michael Varley, “The Aftermath of the War of the Pacific: A Study in the Foreign Policy of Chile, 1891–1896,” Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge University, 1969.

123. Frederick Nunn, Chilean Politics, 1920–1931. The Honorable Mission of the Armed Forces. (Albuquerque, 1970); The Military in Chilean History (Albuquerque, N.M., 1976). Some of his more recent articles are: “Military Civilian Relations in Chile: The Legacy of the Golpe of 1973,” IAEA 29(1975):43–58; and “New Thoughts on Military Intervention in Latin American Politics: The Chilean Case, 1973,” JLAS 7(1975):271–304.

124. Liisa North, “The Military in Chilean Politics,” Studies in Comparative International Development 11(1976):73–106; Jorge Nef, “The Politics of Repression: The Social Pathology of the Chilean Military,” Latin American Perspectives 1(1974):58–78; Alain Joxe, Las fuerzas armadas en el sistema político de Chile (1970). A more careful study of the Chilean military, its background and attitudes, is Roy A. Hansen's “Military Culture and Organizational Decline: A Study of the Chilean Army,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1967.

125. Estado Mayor del Ejército, Historia militar de Chile, 3 vols. (1969); Agustín Toro Dávila, Síntesis histórico-militar de Chile, 2 vols. (1969); Carlos Lopez, Historia de la Marina de Chile (1969), La escuadra chilena en México (1822) (Buenos Aires, 1971). See also: Rodrigo Fuenzalida B., “Influencia de la marina chilena en la emancipación americana,” BACH 86(1972):127–52.

126. Guillermo Feliú Cruz, “El Instituto Pedagógico bajo la dirección de Diego Amunátegui Solar, 1892–1922,” M 3(1965):11–43; Jorge Fuenzalida P., “La educación en América española, en Chile y en Concepción, siglos XVI al XIX,” A 170(1968):175–93.

127. Julio César Jobet, Doctrina y praxis de los educadores representativos chilenos (1970).

128. Allen L. Woll, “For God and Country: Historical Textbooks and the Secularization of Chilean Society, 1840–1890,” JLAS 7(1975):23–43; William F. Sater, “The Hero as a Force for Change in Chilean Education,” The Journal of Developing Areas 7(1972):89–103.

129. Frank Bonilla and Myron Glazer, Student Politics in Chile (New York, 1970) and Manuel J. Barrera R., “Trayectoria del movimiento de reforma universitaria en Chile,” JIAS 10(1968):617–36.

130. Peter Sehlinger, “Cien años de influencia de la obra de Letelier,” RCHG 139(1971):72–85 and “La correspondencia de don Valentín Letelier,” RCHG 140(1972):194–210.

131. Norman P. Sacks, “José Victorino Lastarria: un intelectual comprometido en la América Latina,” RCHG 149(1972):152–93; Thomas Bader, “Early Positivistic Thought and Ideological Conflict in Chile,” TA 26(1970):376–94.

132. Alberto Varona, Francisco Bilbao revolucionario de América (Buenos Aires, 1973); Solomon Lipp, Three Chilean Thinkers (Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1975); Enrique Molina, “Alejandro Venegas (Dr. Valdés Cange): estudios y recuerdos,” Atenea 174(1972):62–99. Samuel Claro Valdés, “La musicología y la historia: una perspectiva de colaboración científica,” BACH 87(1973):55–83 and Claro and Jorge Urrutia B.'s, Historia de la música en Chile (1973) traces the development of music in Chile. Its strongpoint is its bibliography and biographical section. José Uribe Echevarría's “La glosa política en la poesía popular del siglo XIX,” BACH 87(1973):99–144, demonstrates how popular ballads convey political themes.

133. Guillermo Feliú Cruz, Historia de las fuentes de la bibliografía chilena, 4 vols. (1966–69).

134. Ramón Briceño, Estadística bibliográfica de la literatura chilena, 3 vols. (1965–66).

135. Sergio Villalobos, “La historiografía económica de Chile. Sus comienzos,” H 10(1971):7–56; Julio Retamal A., “Bibliografía de la historia eclesiástica chilena. Revistas chilenas, 1843–1973,” H 11(1972–73):163–257; Osvaldo Arias E., La prensa obrera en Chile (Chillán, 1970); Gonzalo Vial, “Historiografía de la independencia de Chile,” H 4(1965):165–90 and “La historiografía de la Independencia de Chile,” La Emancipación Latino Americana (México, 1966); Guillermo Feliú Cruz, La historiografía de la Patria Vieja y Enrique Matta Vial: La época de los hermanos Carrera (1966), Notas para una bibliografía sobre Viajeros relativos a Chile (1965), Los estudios sobre la independencia de Chile de José Toribio Medina: ensayo crítico bibliográfico (1965); Leonardo Mazzei, “Ensayo de un recuento bibliográfico relativo a la zona sur de Chile. Talca-Magallanes (1812–1912),” HGFC, pp. 689–864; José Zamudio, La novela histórica en Chile, 2d ed. (Buenos Aires, 1973).

136. Guillermo Feliú Cruz, Claudio Gay. Historiador de Chile (1965) and XVI conversaciones históricas de Claudio Gay, con algunos de los testigos y actores de la independencia de Chile, 1820–1826 (1965); Gertrude Matoyoka, “Diego Barros Arana and the Historia General de Chile,” Ph.D. dissertation, Texas Christian University, 1972; Ricardo Donoso, Francisco A. Encina, simulador, 2 vols. (1969–70); Guillermo Feliú Cruz, Francisco A. Encina, historiador (1967); Julio César Jobet, Temas históricos chilenos (1973); Allen Woll, “The Philosophy of History in Nineteenth-Century Chile: The Lastarria-Bello Controversy,” History and Theory 13(1974):273–91 and “A Functional Past: The Politics of History in Nineteenth Century Chile,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1975.

137. Javier González E., “Don Manuel de Alday y su tiempo,” BACH 85(1971):9–30; Ernesto Rivera R., “La Iglesia y la defensa del indio en Chile,” HGFC, pp. 887–903; Claudio Ferrari Pena, “El convento franciscano de San Pedro de Alcántara en el siglo XVIII y comienzos del XIX,” H 9(1970):37–65.

138. Fidel Araneda, Breve historia de la Iglesia en Chile (1968); Walter Hanisch, S.J., Historia de la Compañía de Jesus en Chile, 1593–1955 (Buenos Aires, 1974) and itinerario y pensamiento de los jesuítas expulsos de Chile (1767–1815) (1972).

139. “El gobierno chileno y el concepto misionero del estado (1832–1861),” H 5(1966):197–214.

140. Patricio Estellé, “El debate de 1865 sobre la libertad de cultos y de conciencia,” EHIPS 2(1967):181–227.

141. Frederick Pike, “Church and State in Peru and Chile since 1840: A Study in Contrasts,” AHR 73(1967):30–51 and “The Catholic Church and Modernization in Peru and Chile,” Journal of International Affairs 20(1966):272–88.