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Revisiting the Rights of Man: Georg Jellinek on Rights and the State

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 October 2011

Duncan Kelly
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Extract

A century has passed since the publication in Germany of a now famous essay on the rights of man by the Heidelberg professor of public law, Georg Jellinek. Over the course of that century, although a “rights revolution” has undoubtedly taken place, numerous practical problems remain in trying to enforce the basic proposition that “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.” Such problems have led one recent commentator to suggest that perhaps the only meaningful defense of human rights is one based on “moral reciprocity” and secular humanism because any attempts to prioritize human rights on either religious grounds, for example, or that of intrinsic human value, are doomed to failure.

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Law and History Review , Volume 22 , Issue 3 , Fall 2004 , pp. 493 - 529
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Copyright © the American Society for Legal History, Inc. 2004

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References

1. Jellinek, Georg, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1895; New York: Henry Holt. 1901).Google Scholar The first English translation appeared in 1901 and is the principal edition used in this study; the French edition appeared in 1902. See also Boutmy, Emile, “La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen et M. Jellinek,” Annales des sciences politiques 17 (1902): 415–43Google Scholar; Jellinek, Georg, “La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen et M. Boutmy,” repr. in his Ausgewählte Schriften und Reden, ed. Jellinek, Walter (Aalen: Scientia Verlag, [1911] 1970), 2:65–81.Google Scholar

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15. Ibid., 11.

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19. Ibid., 49f.

20. Ibid., 50f.

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22. Ibid., 94.

23. Ibid., 53.

24. Ibid., 54.

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27. Ibid., 54. Emphasis added.

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99. Koskemienni, Gentle Civilizer, 200.

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106. Ibid., 336.

107. Ibid., 344; Lindenfeld, The Practical Imagination, 257.

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109. Stolleis, Geschichte des öffentlichen Rechts, 344f.

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111. Laband, Paul, Das Staatsrecht des deutschen Reiches, 5th ed. (1876–82; Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1911), 1Google Scholar: ix, quoted in Lindenfeld, The Practical Imagination, 158. Otto Gierke was the most outspoken critic of this position. See Gierke, Otto von, “Labands Staatsrecht und die deutsche Rechtswissenschaft,” Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im deutschen Reich, ed. Schmoller, Gustav, vol. 7 (Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1883): 7Google Scholar [1103], 17 [1113]

112. For two recent discussions, see Runciman, David, Pluralism and the Personality of the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Caldwell, Popular Sovereignty, 14.

113. Kersten, Jellinek und die klassische Staatslehre, 275.

114. Ibid., 131.

115. Jellinek, Allgemeine Staatslehre, esp. 262; see also Kersten, Jellinek und die klassische Staatslehre, 106.

116. Jellinek, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 63.

117. Ibid., 408ff.

118. Caldwell, Popular Sovereignty, 34–35.

119. Dietmar Kettler, Die Drei-Elemente Lehre. Ein Beitrag zu Georg Jellineks Staatsbegriff, seiner Fortführung und Kritik, Inaugural Dissertation, Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität zu Munster (Vorgelegt von Dietmar Kettler aus Rahden, 1995), 26–30.

120. Jellinek, Georg, System der subjektiven öffentlichen Rechte, 2nd ed. (1892; Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1921)Google Scholar; Allgemeine Staatslehre, 417f. See the discussion in Kersten, Jellinek und die klassische Staatslehre, 286f; Robert Alexy, “Grundrecht und Status,” in Jellinek—Beiträge zu Leben und Werk, 221–25; Stolleis. “Georg Jellineks Beitrag,” in ibid., 106.

121. Schmale, “Georg Jellinek,” 304.

122. Caldwell, Popular Sovereignty. See also Jellinek, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 11, 62.

123. Jellinek, Allgemeine Staatslehre, esp. 10ff., 50; Lindenfeld, The Practical Imagination. 307.

124. Kettler, Die Drei-Elemente Lehre, 2Iff.

125. Kersten, Jellinek und die klassische Staatslehre, 206.

126. Jellinek, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 159; see also Hübinger, “Staatstheorie und Politik als Wissenschaft,” 149.

127. Jellinek, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 180: “im Begriff des Politischen hat man bereits den Begriff des Staates gedacht.” Cf. Schmitt, Carl, The Concept of the Political, 1932 ed., trans. Schwab, George (1927; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 19.Google Scholar I am most grateful to one of the referees of Law and History Review for picking up on this point among many others.

128. Jellinek, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 11–13, 15; Anter, Andreas, “Georg Jellineks wissenschaftliche Politik. Positionen, Kontexte, Wirkungslinien,” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 39 (1998): 509.Google Scholar

129. Jellinek, Die rechtliche Natur, 5, 7.

130. Jellinek, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 97; Anter, “Georg Jellineks wissenschaftliche Politik,” 508; Hübinger, “Staatstheorie und Politik,” 155.

131. Georg Jellinek, “Adam in der Staatslehre” [1893], in his Ausgewählte Schriften und Reden, 2:28.

132. Jellinek, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 180f” 183.

133. Breuer, Georg Jellinek und Max Weber, 14. See also Breuer, “Max Webers Staatssoziologie,” 213; Hübinger, “Staatstheorie und Politik als Wissenschaft,” 148.

134. Jellinek, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 338; Kersten, Jellinek und die klassische Staatslehre, 273–78.

135. Anter, “Georg Jellineks wissenschaftliche Politik,” 521.

136. Ibid.

137. Jhering, Rudolf, Der Zweck im Recht, 4th ed. (1877; Leipzig, 1904), 1:240Google Scholar, quoted in Anter, “Georg Jellineks wissenschaftliche Politik,” 522. Jhering's writings on law were nevertheless underpinned by a complex account of the nature of the individual and were highly critical of contemporary jurisprudence. See Klippel, Diethelm, “Juristische Begriffshimmel und Funktionale Rechtswelt,” Colloquia für Dieter Schwab zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. Klippel, Diethelm (Bielefeld: Gieseking Verlag, 2000), 129–34.Google Scholar

138. Dyson, Kenneth, The State Tradition in Western Europe (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1980), 175.Google Scholar

139. Kersten, Jellinek und die klassische Staatslehre, 193.

140. Ibid., 409f.

141. Dyson, State Tradition, 113.

142. Armitage, David, “The Declaration of Independence and International Law,” William and Mary Quarterly 59 (2002): 43ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar On the reliance upon international law doctrines in The Federalist, see also Helfman, Tara, “The Law of Nations in The Federalist Papers,” Legal History 23 (2002): 107–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

143. Armitage, “Declaration of Independence,” 64, also 58ff.

144. Jellinek, Allgemeine Staatslehre, 274.

145. See Joachen von Bernstorff, “Völkerrecht als modernes öffentliches Recht,” in Beiträge zu Leben und Werk, 187.

146. Georg Jellinek, “Die Staatsrechtslehre und ihre Vertreter,” in his Ausgewählte Schriften und Reden, 2:335–39.

147. The issue of how codified law deals with “founding” has remained pertinent to political theory. See Honig, Bonnie, “Declarations of Independence: Arendt and Derrida on the Problem of Founding a Republic,” American Political Science Review 85 (1991): 97–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

148. See Hamm, Berndt, “What Was the Reformation Doctrine of Justification?” in The German Reformation, ed. Dixon, C. Scott (Oxford: Blackwell. 1999), 56–90Google Scholar; see also Weber, Wolfgang, “The Absolutist Making of the Individual,” in The Individuai in Political Theory and Practice, ed. Coleman, Janet (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1996), 198f.Google Scholar

149. See recently Ghosh, Peter, “Max Weber's Idea of ‘Puritanism’: A Case Study in the Empirical Construction of the Protestant Ethic,” History of European Ideas 29 (2003): 193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Ghosh assesses Jellinek's discussion of the rights of man as part of a broader Germanic tradition, seeking the roots of individual rights within “liberal Protestantism” rather than the French Revolution.

150. For engaging recent reflections on this theme, see Kim, Sung Ho, “‘In Affirming Them, He Affirms Himself: Max Weber's Politics of Civil Society,” Political Theory 28 (2000): 197–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

151. Jellinek, Declaration of the Rights of Man, 90–98.

152. Ibid., 97, n. 6.

153. See J. G. A. Pocock, “States, Republics and Empires: The American Founding in Early Modern Perspective,” in Conceptual Change and the Constitution, 70f.; Pole, J. R., Political Representation and the Origins of the American Republic (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).Google Scholar On English reason of state, see Pincus, Steve, “To Protect English Liberties': The English Nationalist Revolution of 1688–89,” in Protestantism and National Identity, ed. Claydon, Terry and McBride, Ian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). 75–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “From Holy Cause to Economic Interest: The Study of Population and the Invention of the State,” in A Nation Transformed: England after the Restoration, ed. Houston, Alan and Pincus, Steve (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 272–98.Google Scholar

154. See also Dippel, Horst, “Die Konstitutionalisierung des Bundesstaats in Deutschland 1849–1949 und die Rolle des amerikanischen Modells,” Der Staat 38 (1999): 221–39.Google Scholar