Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T10:52:39.342Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Common Sense of Anti-Indian Racism: Reactions to Mashantucket Pequot Success in Gaming and Acknowledgment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

Anti-Indian racism, as typified by anticasino backlash, is a part of the “common sense” of race relations in the United States, which increasingly impacts federal administrative procedures used to acknowledge the existence of tribal status. Using ethnographic and archival research, this article shows that the backlash over Mashantucket Pequot recognition and casino success has taken the form, primarily, of racialized attacks on the Mashantucket Pequots’ Indian identity. It argues that such backlash carries over to impact groups who seek recognition of their tribal status, and the legitimation that such recognition might bring to their identity. Examining the colonial legacies of anti-Indian racism shows us that such racial antagonism in the United States is nothing new. However, understanding the contexts within which its recent resurgence has occurred may help bring fairness to the acknowledgment process, and may further illuminate intersections of common sense racism and legal spheres in American life.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2006 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Banks, Taunya Lovell. August, 2000. Colorism: A Darker Shade of Pale. University of California Law Review 47:1705.Google Scholar
Barker, Emily. November, 1991. Mapping New Territory for Native Americans. American Lawyer.Google Scholar
Bee, Robert. 1999. Politics of American Indian Policy. Presentation at the Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center. Unpublished, notes on file.Google Scholar
Benedict, Jeff. 2000. Without Reservation: The Making of America's Most Powerful Indian Tribe and Foxwoods, the World's Largest Casino. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Berkhofer, Robert F. 1978. The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Biolsi, Thomas. 1992. Organizing the Lakota: The Political Economy of the New Deal on the Pine Ridge and Rosebud Reservations. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Bringing Them Home (circa 2000). Film shown in the Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center's “Federal Acknowledgement Theater.” Google Scholar
Brodeur, Paul. 1985. Restitution: The Land Claims of the Mashpee, Passamaquoddy, And Penobscot Indians Of New England. Boston: Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, Anthony. 1994. Gambling Means Wealth, Political Access for One Tribe. National Public Radio, All Things Considered; first broadcast on August 8, 1984 at 4:30 p.m.Google Scholar
Bush, Alfred L., and Mitchell, Lee Clark. 1994. The Photograph and the American Indian. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Carlson, Leonard A. 1981. Indians and the Land: The Dawes Act and the Decline of Indian Farming. Westport, CT: Greenwood University Press.Google Scholar
Campisi, Jack. 1985. The Trade and Intercourse Acts: Land Claims on the Eastern Seaboard. In Irredeemable America: The Indians’ Estate and Land Claims, ed. Sutton, Imre. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Campisi, Jack. 1991. The Mashpee Indians: Tribe on Trial. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Campisi, Jack. 1990. New England Tribes and Their Quest for Justice. In Hauptman and Wherry 1990.Google Scholar
Carillo, Jo. 1995. Identity as Idiom: Mashpee Reconsidered. Indiana Law Review 28 (3):511–47.Google Scholar
Carillo, Jo. May 2002. Getting to Survivance: An Essay About the Role of Mythologies in Law. POLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 25:3747.Google Scholar
Clifford, James. 1988. The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Covington, James W. 1993. The Seminoles of Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.Google Scholar
Cramer, Renee. 2005a. Cash, Color, and Colonialism: The Politics of Tribal Acknowledgment. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Cramer, Renee. 2005b. Perceptions of the Process: Indian Gaming as It Affects Tribal Acknowledgment Law and Practices. Law & Policy 27 (4):578605.Google Scholar
Darian-Smith, Eve. 2004. New Capitalists: Law, Politics, and Identity Surrounding Casino Gaming on Native American Land. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth Learning.Google Scholar
Debo, Angie. 1961. The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Deloria, Vine Jr. 1985. American Indian Policy in the Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Deloria, Vine Jr. 2000. The Indian Reorganization Act: Congresses and Bills. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Eadington, William R. 1999. The Spread of Casinos and Their Role in Tourism Development. In Contemporary Issues in Tourism Development, eds. Pearce, Douglas G. and Butler, Richard W. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Eisler, Kim Isaac. 2000. Revenge of the Pequots: How a Small Native American Tribe Created the World's Most Profitable Casino. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Eisler, Kim Isaac. August, 1993. Revenge of the Indians: Gambling Has Made the Once Poor Pequots Rich, and Other Tribes Are Getting In on the High-Stakes Casino Action. Double Down, Kemosabe? Washingtonian Magazine 28:6467, 141–42.Google Scholar
The Family Guy. 1999. Episode #106: “The Son Also Draws.”Google Scholar
Fernandez, Giselle. 1993. Golden Hill Paugussett Indians Press Claim for Land and Gambling Rights. CBS Evening News broadcast first August 8, 1993.Google Scholar
Fixico, Donald Lee. 1986. Termination and Relocation: Federal Indian Policy, 1945–1960. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Forbes, Jack. 1993. Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Foreman, Grant. 1953. Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Foster, Andrea. 1994. Golden Hill Tribe to Wait Up to Two Years for Uncle Sam's Approval. States News Service, April 7, 1994.Google Scholar
Fromson, Brett D. 1998. The Pequot Uprising: How a Tiny Tribe Gambled and Won, Reclaiming the American Dream. The Washington Post, June 21, 1998; retrieved by author from Lexis/Nexis August 5, 2000.Google Scholar
Goldberg-Ambrose, Carole. 1994. Of Native Americans and Tribal Members: The Impact of Law on Indian Group Life. Law & Society Review 28:1123–48.Google Scholar
Gossett, Thomas F. 1997. Race: The History of an Idea in America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Green, Michael D. 1982. The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Gunter, Dan. 1998. The Technology of Tribalism: The Lemhi Indians, Federal Recognition, and the Creation of Tribal Identity. Idaho Law Review 35:85123.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2004. The Politics of Disgust: The Public Identity of the “Welfare Queen.” New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Haney Lopez, Ian F. 2003. Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice. Cambridge: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Haney Lopez, Ian F. 2000. (1994) The Social Construction of Race. In Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge, eds. Delgado, Richard and Stefancic, Jean, Second Edition. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, Angela. 2003. Cluster III: Introduction. Florida Law Review 55:319.Google Scholar
Harvey, Sioux. 1996. Two Models to Sovereignty: A Comparative History of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation and the Navajo Nation. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 20 (1):147–94.Google Scholar
Hauptman, Laurence M., and Wherry, James D., eds. 1990. The Pequots in Southern New England: The Fall and Rise of an American Indian Nation. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Jansen-Verbeke, Myriam, and Lievois, Els. 1999. Heritage Resources in European Cities. In Contemporary Issues in Tourism Development, eds. Pearce, Douglas G. and Butler, Richard W. London: Routledge Press.Google Scholar
Jennings, Francis. 1976. Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism and the Cant of Conquest. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Kelly, Lawrence C. 1983. The Assault on Assimilation: John Collier and the Origins of Indian Policy Reform. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Kersey, Harry A. Jr. 1989. The Florida Seminoles and the New Deal, 1933–1934. Boca Raton, FL: Atlantic University Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Suzanne. May 2001. “Yellow” Skin, “White” Masks: Asian American “Impersonations” of Whiteness and the Feminist Critique of Liberal Equality. Asian Law Journal 8:89110.Google Scholar
Kroft, Steve. 1994. “Wampum Wonderland.”60 Minutes CBS News Broadcast, first aired September 18, 1994.Google Scholar
Lightman, David, and Jones, Daniel P. 1994. Day 3: Identity Crisis—When the Government Says a Tribe's Not a Tribe. Recognition: Tangled Path Through Bureaucracy Can Lead Tribes to a Source of Renewal. The Hartford Courant, May 24, 1994.Google Scholar
Mason, W. Dale. 2000. Indian Gaming: Tribal Sovereignty and American Politics Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
McDonnell, Janet. 1991. The Dispossession of the American Indian, 1887–1934. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
McCulloch, Anne Merline. 1994. The Politics of Indian Gaming: Tribe/State Relations and American Federalism. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 24: 99113.Google Scholar
McCulloch, Anne Merline and Wilkins, David E. 1995. Constructing Nations Within States: The Quest for Federal Recognition by the Catawba and Lumbee Tribes. American Indian Quarterly 19 (3):361–88.Google Scholar
Mezey, Naomi. February 1996. The Distribution of Wealth, Sovereignty, and Culture Through Indian Gaming. Stanford Law Review 48:711–38.Google Scholar
National Indian Gaming Association. 1999. Fact Sheets and Folder. Washington, D.C.: National Indian Gaming Association.Google Scholar
National Indian Gaming Association. 2000. Sharing In Community: 1999 Annual Report. Washington, D.C.: National Indian Gaming Association.Google Scholar
National Indian Gaming Association. 2004. Website Fact-Sheet. http://indiangaming.org (accessed September 30, 2004).Google Scholar
Omi, Michael, and Winant, Howard. 1994. Racial Formation in the United States: from the 1960s to the 1990s. Second Edition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Paschal, Rachael. 1991. The Imprimatur of Recognition: American Indian Tribes and the Federal Acknowledgment Process. Washington Law Review 66:209–28.Google Scholar
Perry, Richard Warren. 1995. The Logic of the Modern Nation-Sate and the Legal Construction of Native American Tribal Identity. Indiana Law Review 28 (3):547–75.Google Scholar
Philp, Kenneth R. 1999. Termination Revisited: American Indians on the Trail to Self-Determination, 1933–1953. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Poarch News Column. 1978. The Atmore Advanc, January 22, 1978, 2B.Google Scholar
Quinn, William. 1990. Federal Acknowledgment of American Indian Tribes: The Historical Development of a Legal Concept. The American Journal of Legal History 34 (3):331–64.Google Scholar
Randall, Gene, and Hinojosa, Maria. 1999. “Casinos Become a Matter of Survival on the Mashantucket Pequot Reservation.” CNN, June 16, 1999.Google Scholar
Ross, Luana. 1998. Inventing the Savage: The Social Construction of Native American Criminality. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Rusco, Elmer R. 2000. A Fateful Time: The Background and legislative History of the Indian Reorganization Act. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Shards of Choctaw. Four-part series. Mobile (Ala.) Press Register. November 26–December 25, 1984.Google Scholar
Slagle, Allogan. 1989. Unfinished Justice: Completing the Restoration and Acknowledgment of California Indian Tribes. The American Indian Quarterly 13 (4):325–45.Google Scholar
Sheffield, Gail K. 1997. The Arbitrary Indian: The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Spilde, Katherine A. October, 1999. Rich Indian Racism—Direct Attack on Tribal Sovereignty. 5 Hocak Worak 5:12.Google Scholar
Sum, Paul E., Light, Steven Andrew, and King, Ronald F. 2004. Race, Reform, and Desegregation in Mississippi Higher Education: Historically Black Institutions after United States v. Fordice . Law & Social Inquiry 29 (2):403–38.Google Scholar
Taylor, Graham D. 1980. The New Deal and American Indian Tribalism: The Administration of the Indian Reorganization Act, 193–1945. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Tsosie, Rebecca. 1997. Review Essay: American Indians and the Politics of Recognition: Soifer on Law, Pluralism, and Group Identity. Law and Social Inquiry 22:359–88.Google Scholar
Tsosie, Rebecca. 2000. Sacred Obligations: Intercultural Justice and the Discourse of Treaty Rights. University of Californian Law Review 47:1616–72.Google Scholar
Tsosie, Rebecca. 2002. Reclaiming Native Stories: An Essay on Cultural Appropriation and Cultural Rights. Arizona State Law Journal 34:299358.Google Scholar
Wilkins, David E. 1993. Breaking Into the Intergovernmental Matrix: The Lumbee Tribe's Efforts to Secure Federal Acknowledgment. Publius 23 (4):123–43.Google Scholar
Williams, Robert A. Jr. 1990. The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Robert A. Jr. 1999. Linking Arms Together: American Indian Treaty Visions of Law and Peace, 1600–1800. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Williams, Robert A. Jr. 2000. (1989). Documents of Barbarism: The Contemporary Legacy of European Racism and Colonialism in the Narrative Traditions of Federal Indian Law. In Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge, Critical Race Theory, eds. Delgado, Richard and Stefancic, Jean, Second Edition. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar