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Assessing phylogeny and historical biogeography of the largest genus of lichen-forming fungi, Xanthoparmelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2018

Steven D. LEAVITT ,
Paul M. KIRIKA ,
Guillermo AMO DE PAZ ,
Jen-Pan HUANG ,
Jae-Seoun HUR ,
John A. ELIX ,
Felix GREWE ,
Pradeep K. DIVAKAR  and
H. Thorsten LUMBSCH
Steven D. LEAVITT
Affiliation:
Department of Biology & M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA. Email: steve_leavitt@byu.edu
Paul M. KIRIKA
Affiliation:
National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Guillermo AMO DE PAZ
Affiliation:
Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Jen-Pan HUANG
Affiliation:
Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
Jae-Seoun HUR
Affiliation:
Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
John A. ELIX
Affiliation:
Research School of Chemistry, Building 137, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Felix GREWE
Affiliation:
Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
Pradeep K. DIVAKAR
Affiliation:
Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
H. Thorsten LUMBSCH
Affiliation:
Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
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Abstract

Species richness is not evenly distributed across the tree of life and a limited number of lineages comprise an extraordinarily large number of species. In lichen-forming fungi, only two genera are known to be ‘ultradiverse’ (>500 species), with the most diverse genus, Xanthoparmelia, consisting of c. 820 species. While Australia and South Africa are known as current centres of diversity for Xanthoparmelia, it is not well known when and where this massive diversity arose. To better understand the geographical and temporal context of diversification in this diverse genus, we sampled 191 Xanthoparmelia specimens representing c. 124 species/species-level lineages from populations worldwide. From these specimens, we generated a multi-locus sequence data set using Sanger and high-throughput sequencing to reconstruct evolutionary relationships in Xanthoparmelia, estimate divergence times and reconstruct biogeographical histories in a maximum likelihood and Bayesian framework. This study corroborated the phylogenetic placement of several morphologically or chemically diverse taxa within Xanthoparmelia, such as Almbornia, Chondropsis, Karoowia, Namakwa, Neofuscelia, Omphalodiella, Paraparmelia, Placoparmelia and Xanthomaculina, in addition to improved phylogenetic resolution and reconstruction of previously unsampled lineages within Xanthoparmelia. Our data indicate that Xanthoparmelia most likely originated in Africa during the early Miocene, coinciding with global aridification and development of open habitats. Reconstructed biogeographical histories of Xanthoparmelia reveal diversification restricted to continents with infrequent intercontinental exchange by long-distance dispersal. While likely mechanisms by which Xanthoparmelia obtained strikingly high levels of species richness in Australia and South Africa remain uncertain, this study provides a framework for ongoing research into diverse lineages of lichen-forming fungi. Finally, our study highlights a novel approach for generating locus-specific molecular sequence data sets from high throughput metagenomic reads.

Keywords

Africaarid regionsAustraliaBioGeoBEARSdiversificationhyperdiversityultradiverse
Type
Articles
Information
The Lichenologist , Volume 50 , Issue 3 , May 2018 , pp. 299 - 312
Copyright
© British Lichen Society, 2018 

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