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A molecular phylogenetic evaluation of the Ramalina siliquosa complex, with notes on species circumscription and relationships within Ramalina

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2020

Scott LaGreca Open the ORCID record for Scott LaGreca [Opens in a new window] ,
H. Thorsten Lumbsch ,
Martin Kukwa Open the ORCID record for Martin Kukwa [Opens in a new window] ,
Xinli Wei ,
Jeong Eun Han ,
Kwang Hee Moon ,
Hiroyuki Kashiwadani ,
André Aptroot  and
Steven D. Leavitt
Scott LaGreca*
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Box 90338, 137 Biological Sciences Building, 130 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, NC27708-0338, USA
H. Thorsten Lumbsch
Affiliation:
Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL60605, USA
Martin Kukwa
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
Xinli Wei
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
Jeong Eun Han
Affiliation:
National Institute of Biological Resources, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon22689, Republic of Korea
Kwang Hee Moon
Affiliation:
National Institute of Biological Resources, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon22689, Republic of Korea
Hiroyuki Kashiwadani
Affiliation:
National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
André Aptroot
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Botânica/Liquenologia, Central de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Steven D. Leavitt
Affiliation:
Department of Biology & M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 4102 Life Science Building, Provo, UT84602, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Scott LaGreca. E-mail: scott.lagreca@duke.edu
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Abstract

Lichens of the Ramalina siliquosa complex dominate seashore cliffs in Europe and South-East Asia, but their taxonomy has been vigorously debated for over a century. On many cliffs, they exhibit a bewildering zonation of chemotypes that resembles the classic zonation of organisms that occupy the littoral zone below. Do the chemotypes represent separate species, or infraspecific variation? To better understand the systematics of this group, sequences from four genetic loci (ITS, IGS, RPB1 and RPB2) were obtained for 59 samples from Denmark, France, Iceland, Norway, UK, Japan and Korea, including all major chemotypes. Maximum likelihood analysis of these sequences, together with sequences from 36 other Ramalina species, reveals that the complex comprises two distinct phylogenetic lineages, each including multiple chemotypes. These two putative species-level lineages correspond to the currently accepted taxa R. cuspidata and R. siliquosa. There is no evidence that these two taxa are phylogenetic sister species. Consequently, the explanation of this chemotype complex as an example of ‘sibling speciation’ is rejected. Specimens traditionally called ‘R. siliquosa’ from South-East Asia form a third clade, identified here as R. semicuspidata, with an additional, divaricatic acid chemotype. Other results include a robustly supported clade of Ramalina species that produce medullary depsides and depsidones; this clade includes another well-supported clade of south-eastern United States coastal plain and tropical Ramalina species. By contrast, large, strap-shaped Ramalina species that lack medullary depsides and depsidones occur in separate lineages. In addition, close relationships between the following groups of species are indicated: R. farinacea with R. subfarinacea; R. fraxinea with R. leptocarpha, R. menziesii and R. subleptocarpha; R. sinensis with R. unifolia. Furthermore, a new, variolaric acid-only chemotype is reported for R. farinacea, and a new, acid-deficient chemotype is reported for a more broadly circumscribed R. culbersoniorum.

Keywords

LecanoromyceteslichensphylogenyRamalinaceaesystematicstaxonomy
Type
Standard Papers
Information
The Lichenologist , Volume 52 , Issue 3 , May 2020 , pp. 197 - 211
Copyright
Copyright © British Lichen Society 2020

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