On 10 November 2008 lichenology lost one of its stars. Antonín (“Toni”) Vězda – even his name comes close to the Czech word “hvězda” meaning “star” – was born on 25 November 1920 in Brno [Brünn], Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic), where he lived and studied. His address, “Tábor 28A” became known worldwide amongst lichenologists, most of whom he never met, as it appeared so often on correspondence and published papers; his apartment doubled as his office and herbarium. He was the first of the two sons of a printer who was interested in horticulture and mycology, perhaps one of the reasons for Vězda's interest in nature and cryptogams. After finishing his secondary school education, he was unable to continue his studies at a university due to World War II. However, he received two diplomas, in science and in forestry, and graduated at the Faculty of Sciences of the Masaryk (later J. E. Purkyně) University in 1947/1948 (cf. Šmarda & Vězda Reference Šmarda and Vězda1948; Vězda Reference Vězda1950) and at the Faculty of Forestry of the Agricultural University in 1953. He then began teaching at the Agricultural University, but between 1958 and 1963 he had to make a living as a forest worker and technician. From 1963 onwards he was employed as a researcher by the Institute of Botany of the Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences (later Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), Průhonice. Subsequently, he devoted himself entirely to the study of lichens and eventually defended his thesis for the Candidatus Scientiae degree (Vězda Reference Vězda1967). He was introduced to lichenology by J. Podpera, J. Nádvorník and Z. Černohorský (cf. Grummann Reference Grummann1974: 667). At first he dealt with local floristic, phytogeographical and ecological problems, but later his interest turned to lichen taxonomy, a life-long activity for which he became internationally renowned. His first interests were in the family Gyalectaceae s.lat. and the genera Bacidia and Micarea, the first species he described being Gyalecta cernohorskyi Vězda (Vězda Reference Vězda1958) and Gyalecta subscutellaris Vězda (Vězda Reference Vězda1960) [≡Gyalidea subscutellaris (Vězda) Vězda]; interestingly, the last species he described, Gyalecta canariensis v.d. Boom & Vězda (van den Boom & Vězda Reference van den Boom and Vězda2005) and Gyalideopsis pandani Vězda (Vězda Reference Vězda2007), belong to these groups.
Among foreign colleagues, the Swedish lichenologist A. H. Magnusson was particularly helpful in his earlier studies. With the compilation of the Lichenes Bohemoslovakiae Exsiccati (1957–1959), Vězda followed the traditions of J. Anders, K. Kavina, A. Hilitzer, V. Kuťák, J. Nádvorník and J. Suza, whose specimens were well known to him, and within just two years he had edited and distributed 300 numbers in 10 fascicles; these increased his international contacts. With the subsequent Lichenes Selecti Exsiccati (1960–1991), which reached 2500 numbers, the highest output of any exsiccate ever published, he became famous among, and received praise from, colleagues and herbaria worldwide.
Since it was difficult to travel abroad from socialist countries at that time, Vězda travelled ‘virtually’ when he looked at the lichens from various parts of the world sent to him for study. However, he did travel locally and regionally at first, and based on the exsiccate schedae, it is possible to reconstruct his travel diary: the first specimen outside “Bohemoslovacia” was collected by him in Hungary (nr. 299. Physcia biziana (Mass.) Zahlbr. var. aipolioides Nádv.) in 1964 (Vězda Reference Vězda1964). In 1965 he visited France in the company of G. Clauzade and J. Lambinon, followed by trips to Yugoslavia (1966 – 1969), Austria (1967), Bulgaria (1967, 1968), Romania (1970), Sweden (1967) and Switzerland (1967). During this period he was also occupied with the preparation of the “Bestimmungsschlüssel Europäischer Flechten. Ergänzungsheft I–II” (Poelt & Vězda Reference Poelt and Vězda1977, Reference Poelt and Vězda1981), having established contact with Josef Poelt, who wrote about their friendship in a paper shortly before his death (Poelt Reference Poelt1995). From the 1970s to the early 1990s, Vězda travelled to European countries whenever it was possible, most often to the Alps and the Mediterranean region with J. Poelt, H. Hertel, V. Wirth, P. L. Nimis, D. Puntillo and others.
Among the very first collectors who sent specimens to distribute in Lichenes Selecti Exsiccati were the Italians F. Cevasco and S. Barbaro (1960), the Hungarian Á. Boros (1961) and the American W. L. Culberson (1960). The final number of collectors of the 1979 taxa distributed grew to 308. The first exotic collections from J. Jeník (Ghana, 1966), S. Lisowski (Republic of Guinea, 1962), T. Pócs (Tanzania, 1969) and V. Samek (Cuba 1966, 1968) stimulated his interest in lichens of the tropics, resulting in his first papers on tropical foliicolous lichens (Vězda Reference Vězda1973, Reference Vězda1975). In a previous paper, he had already described Bacidia buxi from Buxus leaves (Vězda & Vivant Reference Vězda and Vivant1972), and had started to collect foliicolous lichens in the Caucasus (Colchis) in 1978 (cf. nr. 1569. Gyalidea phyllophila Vězda, in Vězda Reference Vězda1978). If any group could be considered Vězda's favourite, it was foliicolous lichens, and his floristic, taxonomic, and systematic studies added considerably to our knowledge of these fascinating organisms. Like most of his classic predecessors, Vězda obtained exotic collections to work upon from colleagues, but in his case, due to political restrictions, he was unable to travel to the tropics himself until the 1990s. He had already retired when he could finally visit such places as the Canary Islands (1993, 1994), Dominica (1996), New Zealand (1997), Malaysia (1997), and the Seychelles (2000), alone or with his Italian colleague F. Ceni. He was overwhelmed when he was finally to see those lichens on which he had worked for decades in their natural environment. At this time, he started Lichenes Rariores Exsiccati (1992–2003), which eventually consisted of 500 numbers representing 468 taxa (supplied by 72 collectors) (see also Vězda Reference Vězda2004).
Although Vězda became internationally renowned for his work on exotic lichens, in all three of his exsiccates there were also many representative lichens from his native country collected by him and later by his younger colleagues (Š. Bayerová, R. Dětinský, J. Horáková/J. Kocourková, J. Halda, E. Jelínková/E. Lisická, J. Liška, Z. Kyselová, Z. Palice, I. Pišút), showing that the lichens of his own locality remained just as important to him as those from any other part of the world. His Catalogue of Czech Lichens, long under preparation, was finally published in 1999 (Vězda & Liška Reference Vězda and Liška1999). His very last publication (Vězda Reference Vězda2008) is a final treatment of his beloved Lichenes selecti exsiccati, an “Alphabetical index to all 2500 edited taxa of lichenized or lichenicolous fungi”.
According to Černohorský (Reference Lücking, Stuart and Lumbsch1980), Vězda developed into a leading taxonomist of European standing and continued the line of excellent Czech and Slovak lichenologists, such as A. Hilitzer, J. Suza and M. Servít. The early history of lichenology was very much determined by Europe, and the 19th and early 20th century was the classic period for those defined as universal taxonomists, all having in common a broad knowledge of lichen taxonomy and disseminating their discoveries widely through prolific publications and the production of exsiccates, rather than teaching students, a tradition carried on by Vězda.
Vězda's output was prodigious: he published no fewer than 376 scientific papers between 1948 (Šmarda & Vězda Reference Lücking, Stuart and Lumbsch1948) and 2008 (Vězda Reference Vězda2008), including 179 schedae and other compilations on his three exsciccata series, many of them containing descriptions of new taxa. He was the sole author of 70% of his papers; in 24% of the publications he had one co-author (mostly J. Poelt, W. Malcolm and K. Kalb) and in 6% of the papers there were three or more authors. His exsiccates are unequalled in terms of quantity and quality. He named 478 taxa, among them two families: Protothelenellaceae Vězda, H. Mayrhofer & Poelt, Solorinellaceae Vězda & Poelt (with a further two families validated by other lichenologists: Thrombiaceae Poelt & Vězda ex J. C. David & D. Hawksw., Vezdaeaceae Poelt & Vězda ex J. C. David & D. Hawksw.), 38 genera, and 399 species (and taxa of further taxonomic ranks: 4 sections, 4 series, 2 subspecies, 27 varieties and 2 forms), and he also proposed 282 new combinations (cf. Halda & Vězda Reference Halda and Vězda2007; www.indexfungorum.org); whilst this number might not match those produced by Nylander or Müller Argoviensis, almost all of Vězda's taxa still exist (131 of his taxa have been recombined, 51 by Vězda), whereas many of the names ascribed by the 19th century lichenologists have been subsumed in synonymy.
In addition, there are his beautiful drawings (see e.g. the plates in Kalb & Vězda Reference Kalb and Vězda1988) which accompany almost all of his publications, an output of artwork only a few of his predecessors or colleagues could match. For his drawings he would first prepare sketches of sections of fruit-bodies or asexual reproductive organs (e.g. campylidia, asci, ascospores, hyphophores, diahyphae, conidia) and other important anatomical and morphological details on squared paper applied to a scale commensurate with that viewed under the microscope, without using any attached projection equipment. Afterwards he would redraw the sketches on white sheets and then arrange them into large plates, such as the one created for Macentina borhidii (Farkas & Vězda Reference Farkas and Vězda1987).
From his meticulous analysis of even the smallest morphological and anatomical details of the lichens he studied, Vězda also became deeply aware of phylogenetic relationships, although unlike his 19th and early 20th century predecessors, he had the advantage of working in a period of great progress in lichen phylogeny and systematics, which facilitated his taxonomic studies. Vězda was also able to expand considerably our knowledge of lichens, one of the most striking examples being the appreciation of hyphophores, and the resurrection of the lichen family Gomphillaceae, which brought together such disparate taxa as Gomphillus and Aulaxina – whoever would have thought these genera to be closely related or even belonged to the same family, and in fact, few accepted his conclusions (Vězda & Poelt 1987), but almost 20 years later, molecular studies proved him to be correct (Lücking et al. Reference Lücking, Stuart and Lumbsch2004). Besides the Gomphillaceae, Vězda also rearranged the foliicolous representatives of Zahlbruckner's collective family Lecideaceae and reintroduced the families Pilocarpaceae and Ectolechiaceae, the latter characterized by campylidia, another kind of unique conidiomata. Although campylidia are familiar to anyone looking at a tropical leaf surface, Vězda was the first to understand their true nature and systematic significance. He was not only one of the last universal taxonomists, and to many the most prominent one, he was also an outstanding example of one with a special gift of recognizing natural relationships through microscopy alone, without the need for DNA sequencing.
Vězda was an outstanding taxonomist, excellent collector and exceptional lichen specialist, as acknowledged by honorary memberships of the British Lichen Society, the Societa Lichenologica Italiana, the Czech Botanical Society, and the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology. He was also awarded the prestigious Acharius Medal of the International Association for Lichenology in 1992 and the Holuby Memorial Medal of the Slovak Botanical Society in 1995. A memorial volume of Scripta Lichenologica (Farkas et al. Reference Farkas, Lücking and Wirth1995) was dedicated to him on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Taxa named after him include two genera, Vezdaea Tscherm.-Woess & Poelt and Zevadia J. C. David & D. Hawksw., and 25 species. His biographical and bibliographic details are summarized in a series of papers, the former, for example, in Grummann (Reference Grummann1974), Černohorský (Reference Poelt1980), Pišút (Reference Poelt1990, Reference Pišút2001), Poelt (Reference Poelt1993, Reference Poelt1995), Farkas et al. (Reference Farkas, Lücking and Wirth1995), Wirth (Reference Wirth1995, Reference Wirth2009) and Kocourková (Reference Kocourková2009) and the latter in Černohorský (Reference Krahulec and Palice1980), Pišút (Reference Krahulec and Palice1990, Reference Pišút2001) and Krahulec & Palice (Reference Krahulec and Palice2006). The taxa described by him are summarised in Halda & Vězda (Reference Halda and Vězda2007). The Herbarium Vězda (and also his remarkable collection of literature) is now deposited in the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice and abbreviated as PRA-V.
Vězda was a sensitive and extremely modest person, definitely devoted to and respectful of science. There were, and still are, others like him, but his death probably marks the end of an era. With everyone now turning to molecular methods, we are losing good traditional taxonomists at an alarming speed, and there appears to be no new generation capable of filling the void he leaves.
Special thanks are due to Paul Kirk and Ken Hudson (CABI) for extracting data from www.indexfungorum.org database, and to Adam Flakus (Kraków), Zdenek Palice (Průhonice) and Josef Halda (Rychnov) who supplied literature sources. The first author is grateful to Tamás Pócs (Felsőtárkány) for putting her in contact with Vězda and to Gintaras Kantvilas (Hobart) for sharing important details about his contacts with Vězda. We are also most grateful to Jana Kocourková (Praha) for the photograph and to Mark Seaward for valuable comments on an earlier draft of this tribute.
