Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T06:26:34.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2015

Soon Ang ,
Linn Van Dyne ,
Christine Koh ,
K. Yee Ng ,
Klaus J. Templer ,
Cheryl Tay  and
N. Anand Chandrasekar
Soon Ang
Affiliation:
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Linn Van Dyne
Affiliation:
Michigan State University, USA
Christine Koh
Affiliation:
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
K. Yee Ng
Affiliation:
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Klaus J. Templer
Affiliation:
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Cheryl Tay
Affiliation:
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
N. Anand Chandrasekar
Affiliation:
Center for Creative Leadership, Singapore
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We enhance the theoretical precision of cultural intelligence (CQ: capability to function effectively in culturally diverse settings) by developing and testing a model that posits differential relationships between the four CQ, dimensions (metacognitive, cognitive, motivational and behavioural) and three intercultural effectiveness outcomes (cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance in culturally diverse settings). Before testing the model, we describe development and cross-validation (N = 1,360) of the multidimensional cultural intelligence scale (CQS) across samples, time and country. We then describe three substantive studies (N = 794) in field and educational development settings across two national contexts, the USA and Singapore. The results demonstrate a consistent pattern of relationships where metacognitive CQ and cognitive CQ predicted cultural judgment and decision making; motivational CQ and behavioural CQ predicted cultural adaptation; and metacognitive CQ and behavioural CQ predicted task performance. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of our model and findings.

Keywords

cultural adaptationcultural intelligencecultural judgment and decision makingindividual differencetask performance个体差异文化智商文化适应文化判断与决策任务绩效。
Type
Articles
Information
Management and Organization Review , Volume 3 , Issue 3 , November 2007 , pp. 335 - 371
Copyright
Copyright © International Association for Chinese Management Research 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerman, P. L. 1996. A theory of adult intellectual development: Process, personality, interests, and knowledge. Intelligence, 22: 227–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, S. K. 2006. Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group and Organization Management, 31: 100–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagozzi, R. P., & Edwards, J. R. 1998. A general approach for representing constructs in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 1: 45–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. 2002. Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51: 269–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Luk, D. M. 2005. Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48: 257–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, J. S., & Stephens, G. K. 1989. The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, 15: 529–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brislin, R., Worthley, R., & MacNab, B. 2006. Cultural intelligence: Understanding behaviors that serve people's goals. Group and Organization Management, 31: 40–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, B. M. 1998. Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Caldwell, D. F., & O'Reilly, C. A. 1982. Boundary spanning and individual performance: The impact of self-monitoring. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67: 124–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caligiuri, P. M. 1997. Assessing expatriate success: Beyond just ‘being there’. In Ayan, Z. (Ed.), Expatriate management: Theory and research: 117–140. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. P. 1999. The definition and measurement of performance in the new age. In Ilgen, D. R. & Pulakos, E. D. (Eds.), The changing nature of performance: Implications for staffing, motivation, and development: 399–429. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Ceci, S. J. 1996. On intelligence: A bioecological treatise on intellectual development. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. 1992. Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and new five-factor inventory (NEO FFI) professional manual. Odessa, Fla: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Cushner, K., & Brislin, R. W. 1996. Intercultural relations: A practical guide (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushner, K., & Karim, A. U. 2004. Study abroad at the university level. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M.J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed.): 289–308. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.Google Scholar
Darlington, R. B. 1968. Multiple regression in psychological research. Psychological Bulletin, 79: 161–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. 1985. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeNisi, A. S., & Pritchard, R. D. 2006. Performance appraisal, performance management and improving individual performance: A motivational framework. Management and Organization Review, 2: 253–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. 2003. Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Palo Alto, Calif: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earley, P. C., & Gibson, C. B. 2002. Multinational work teams: Anew perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earley, P. C., & Peterson, R. S. 2004. The elusive cultural chameleon: Cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3: 100–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. 2002. Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53: 109–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Einhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. 1981. Behavioral decision theory: Processes of judgment and choice. Annual Review of Psychology, 32: 53–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epel, E. S., Bandura, A., & Zimbardo, P. G. 1999. Escaping homelessness: The influences of self-efficacy and time perspective on coping with homelessness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29: 575–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitch, K. 1998. Speaking relationally: Culture, communication and interpersonal connection. New York: Guildford Press.Google Scholar
Flavell, J. H. 1979. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive inquiry. American Psychologist, 34: 906–911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. R. 1981. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18: 39–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, T. L. 2005. The world is flat: A briefhistory of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Gelfand, M. J., Erez, M. E., & Aycan, Z. 2007. Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58: 479–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goffman, E. 1959. The presentation of self in everyday life. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P., & Williams, P. 1988. A user's guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Basingstoke: NFER-Nelson.Google Scholar
Gudykunst, W. B., Ting-Toomey, S., & Chua, E. 1988. Culture and interpersonal communication. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage.Google Scholar
Hall, E. T. 1959. The silent language. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Hall, E. T. 1993. The anthropology of everyday life. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Hart, R. P., Carlson, R. E., & Eadie, W. F. 1980. Attitudes toward communication and the assessment of rhetorical sensitivity. Communication Monographs, 47: 1–22.Google Scholar
Hinkin, T. R. 1998. A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1: 104–121.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. 2001. Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.Google Scholar
Janssens, M., & Brett, J. M. 2006. Cultural intelligence in global teams: A fusion model of collaboration. Group and Organization Management, 31: 124–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanfer, R., & Heggestad, E. D. 1997. Motivational traits and skills: A person-centered approach to work motivation. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19: 1–56.Google Scholar
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. 1978. The social psychology of organizations (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kelley, C., & Meyers, J. 1995. The cross-cultural adaptability inventory (manual). Minneapolis, Minn: National Computer Systems.Google Scholar
Kirkman, B. L., & Law, K. S. 2005. International management research in AMJ: Our past, present, and future. Academy of Management Journal, 48: 377–386.Google Scholar
Law, K. S., Wong, C. S., & Mobley, W. H. 1998. Toward a taxonomy of multidimensional constructs. Academy of Management Review, 23: 741–755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, K. S., Wong, C. S., & Song, L. J. 2004. The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89: 483–496.Google Scholar
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, R. R., & Salovey, P. 2000. Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27: 267–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. 1985. The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management Review, 10: 39–47.Google Scholar
Murdock, G. P. 1987. Outline of cultural materials (5th revised ed.). New Haven, Conn: HRAF.Google Scholar
Ng, K. Y., & Earley, C. P. 2006. Culture and intelligence: Old constructs, new frontiers. Group and Organization Management, 31: 4–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Neil, H. E., & Abedi, J. 1996. Reliability and validity of a state metacognitive inventory: Potential for alternative assessment. Journal of Educational Research, 89(4): 234–245.Google Scholar
Paige, R. M. 2004. Instrumentation in intercultural training. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed.): 85–128. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.Google Scholar
Roberts, L. M. 2005. Changing faces: Professional image construction in diverse organizational settings. Academy of Management Review, 30: 685–711.Google Scholar
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. 2000. Select on intelligence. In Locke, E. A. (Ed.), The Blackwell handbook of organizational principles: 3–14. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Schmitt, N. W., & Stults, D. M. 1985. Factors defined by negatively keyed items: The results of careless respondents? Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(4): 367–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. 1998. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2): 167–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, W., & Ward, C. 1990. The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14: 449–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., Gregersen, H., Black, J. S., & Ferzandi, L. A. 2006. You can take it with you: Individual differences and expatriate effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 109–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sternberg, R. J. 1986. A framework for understanding conceptions of intelligence. In Sternberg, R.J. & Detterman, D. K. (Eds.), What is intelligence? Contemporary viewpoints on its nature and definition: 3–15. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Detterman, D. K. 1986. What is intelligence?: Contemporary viewpoints on its nature and definition. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Forsythe, G. B., Hedlund, J., Horvath, J. A., Wagner, R. K., Williams, W. M., Snook, S., & Grigorenko, E. L. 2000. Practical intelligence in everyday life. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. 2006. Cultural intelligence and successful intelligence. Group and Organization Management, 31: 27–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone-Romero, E., Stone, D. L., & Salas, E. 2003. The influence of culture on role conceptions and role behavior in organizations. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52: 328–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strahan, R., & Gerbasi, K. C. 1972. Short, homogeneous versions of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28: 191–193.Google Scholar
Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. 2006. Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job previews, and realistic living conditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment. Group and Organization Management, 31: 154–173.Google Scholar
Thorndike, R., & Stein, S. 1937. An evaluation of the attempts to measure social intelligence. Psychological Bulletin, 34: 275–285.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. 1994. Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. 2006. Cultural intelligence in organizations. Group and Organization Management, 31: 20–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trompenaars, F., & Hampden-Turner, C. 1997. Riding the waves of culture: Understanding cultural diversity in business. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. 1984. A role set analysis of managerial reputation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34: 64–96.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. 1990. A multiple-constituency model of effectiveness: An empirical examination at the human resource subunit level. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 458–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsui, A. S., & Gutek, B. 1999. Demographic differences in organizations: Current research and future directions. New York: Lexington Books/Macmillan.Google Scholar
Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. 2006. Getting more than you expect: Global leader initiative to span structural holes and reputation effectiveness. In Mobley, W. H. & Weldon, E. (Eds.), Advances in Global Leadership, Vol. 4: 101–122. New York: Elsevier/JAI Press.Google Scholar
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. 2000. A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organization Research Methods, 3: 4–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. 1991. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behavior. Journal of Management, 17: 601–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wonderlic, E. F. 1999. Wonderlic Personnel Test user's manual. Libertyville, Ill: Wonderlic.Google Scholar
Yamazaki, Y., & Kayes, D. C. 2004. An experiential approach to cross-cultural learning: A review and integration of competencies for success expatriate adaptation. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3: 362–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar