Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T07:26:26.843Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Instrumental Love: Political Marriage and Family Firm Growth

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2022

Feifei Lu Open the ORCID record for Feifei Lu [Opens in a new window] ,
Xu Huang ,
Erica Xu Open the ORCID record for Erica Xu [Opens in a new window] ,
Chi-Nien Chung  and
Xiaogang He
Feifei Lu*
Affiliation:
Shanghai University, China The University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Xu Huang
Affiliation:
Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
Erica Xu
Affiliation:
Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
Chi-Nien Chung
Affiliation:
National Singapore Business School, Singapore
Xiaogang He
Affiliation:
Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, China
*
Corresponding author: Feifei Lu (lvfeifei87@hotmail.com)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Political marriage is an under-investigated form of social capital for family firms. In this study, we examine the relationship between political marriage and the growth of family firms. We analyze this relationship using survey data from parent–child dyads of 164 family firms in mainland China, along with qualitative data from eight semi-structured interviews. Drawing on social capital theory and self-verification theory, we propose that political marriage makes a significant contribution to the growth of family firms. We further propose that the effects of a political marriage on firm growth are moderated by the duration of the marriage and the degree of romantic love experienced by the couples. We find that the positive relationship between political marriage and firm growth is stronger when the duration of the marriage is longer. Our results also reveal a three-way interaction effect of political marriage, length of marriage, and romantic love on firm growth. In this interaction, the positive effect of political marriage is strongest when the marriage is long and the degree of romantic love is low (rather than high). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

摘要

政商联姻是家族企业研究中尚未引起广泛关注的一种重要社会资本形式。基于164对家族企业父母-子女的问卷调查数据以及8位家族企业主的半结构访谈的定性数据分析，本研究检验了政商联姻与家族企业成长之间的关系。基于社会资本理论以及自我验证理论，我们认为政商联姻对家族企业的成长具有正向影响。此外，研究结果表明婚姻持续时间与夫妻之间感知的浪漫爱情程度对政商联姻与家族企业成长的关系具有显著的调节作用，即当结婚时间越长时，政商联姻与企业成长之间的正向关系更为显著。我们的研究结果还证实了政商联姻、婚姻持续时间与浪漫爱情对企业成长的三维交互作用，即当婚姻持续时间越长，而夫妻之间感知的浪漫爱情程度越低的情况下，政商联姻对企业成长的积极影响最为显著。

Keywords

family firm growthlength of marriagepolitical marriageromantic love政商联姻婚姻持续时间浪漫爱情家族企业成长
Type
Article
Information
Management and Organization Review , Volume 18 , Special Issue 2: Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Family Business in China , April 2022 , pp. 279 - 318
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The International Association for Chinese Management Research

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

ACCEPTED BY Deputy Editor Eric W. K. Tsang

References

REFERENCES

Adams, R. E., Laursen, B., & Wilder, D. 2001. Characteristics of closeness in adolescent romantic relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 24(3): 353–363.10.1006/jado.2000.0402CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. 2002. Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1): 17–40.10.5465/amr.2002.5922314CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agrawal, A., & Knoeber, C. R. 2001. Do some outside directors play a political role? The Journal of Law and Economics, 44(1): 179–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Arellano, M., & Bover, O. 1995. Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1): 29–51.10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-DCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arregle, J. L., Batjargal, B., Hitt, M. A., Webb, J. W., Miller, T., & Tsui, A. S. 2015. Family ties in entrepreneurs’ social networks and new venture growth. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(2): 313–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arregle, J. L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D., & Very, P. 2007. The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1): 73–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, C. E., Lu, J., & Tao, Z. 2006. The multitask theory of state enterprise reform: Empirical evidence from China. American Economic Review, 96(2): 353–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batjargal, B. 2003. Social capital and entrepreneurial performance in Russia: A longitudinal study. Organization Studies, 24(4): 535–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batt, R. 2002. Managing customer services: Human resource practices, quit rates, and sales growth. Academy of Management Journal, 45(3): 587–597.Google Scholar
Baum, J. A., & Oliver, C. 1991. Institutional linkages and organizational mortality. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(2): 187–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, G. S. 1973. A theory of marriage: Part I. Journal of Political Economy, 81(4): 813–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, G. S., & Becker, G. S. 2009. A treatise on the family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Becker, G. S., Landes, E. M., & Michael, R. T. 1977. An economic analysis of marital instability. Journal of Political Economy, 85(6): 1141–1187.10.1086/260631CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biernacki, P., & Waldorf, D. 1981. Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods & Research, 10(2): 141–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, M., & Zellweger, T. 2018. Relational embeddedness and firm growth: Comparing spousal and sibling entrepreneurs. Organization Science, 29(2): 264–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blundell, R., & Bond, S. 1998. Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1): 115–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouty, I. 2000. Interpersonal and interaction influences on informal resource exchanges between R&D researchers across organizational boundaries. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1): 50–65.Google Scholar
Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. M. 1973. Cross-cultural research methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons Limited.Google Scholar
Browne, K. 2005. Snowball sampling: Using social networks to research non-heterosexual women. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1): 47–60.10.1080/1364557032000081663CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bubolz, M. M. 2001. Family as source, user, and builder of social capital. The Journal of Socio-economics, 30(2): 129–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunkanwanicha, P., Fan, J. P., & Wiwattanakantang, Y. 2013. The value of marriage to family firms. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 48(2): 611–636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cable, D. M., & Kay, V. S. 2012. Striving for self-verification during organizational entry. Academy of Management Journal, 55(2): 360–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cao, J., Cumming, D., & Wang, X. 2015. One-child policy and family firms in China. Journal of Corporate Finance, 33: 317–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, M. D., & Morrison, R. S. 2009. Study design, precision, and validity in observational studies. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(1): 77–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chabé-Ferret, S. 2015. Analysis of the bias of matching and difference-in-difference under alternative earnings and selection processes. Journal of Econometrics, 185(1): 110–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, S., Sun, Z., Tang, S., & Wu, D. 2011. Government intervention and investment efficiency: Evidence from China. Journal of Corporate Finance, 17(2): 259–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y., Li, H., & Zhou, L. A. 2005. Relative performance evaluation and the turnover of provincial leaders in China. Economics Letters, 88(3): 421–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claessens, S., Feijen, E., & Laeven, L. 2008. Political connections and preferential access to finance: The role of campaign contributions. Journal of Financial Economics, 88(3): 554–580.10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.11.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (Second Edition). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. S. 1988. Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94: S95–S120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coontz, S. 2006. Marriage, a history: How love conquered marriage. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Cooper, M. J., Gulen, H., & Ovtchinnikov, A. V. 2010. Corporate political contributions and stock returns. The Journal of Finance, 65(2): 687–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, J., Dibbrell, C., & Davis, P. S. 2008. Leveraging family-based brand identity to enhance firm competitiveness and performance in family businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(3): 351–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. 1975. Beyond the two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist, 30(2): 116–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cull, R., & Xu, L. C. 2005. Institutions, ownership, and finance: The determinants of profit reinvestment among Chinese firms. Journal of Financial Economics, 77(1): 117–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidsson, P., Delmar, F., & Wiklund, J. 2006. Entrepreneurship as growth: Growth as entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship and the Growth of Firms, 1(2): 21–38.Google Scholar
Discua Cruz, A., Howorth, C., & Hamilton, E. 2013. Intrafamily entrepreneurship: The formation and membership of family entrepreneurial teams. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(1): 17–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubini, P., & Aldrich, H. 1991. Personal and extended networks are central to the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(5): 305–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eddleston, K. A., Kellermanns, F. W., & Sarathy, R. 2008. Resource configuration in family firms: Linking resources, strategic planning and technological opportunities to performance. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1): 26–50.Google Scholar
Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4): 532–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. 2007. Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1): 25–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ensley, M. D., & Pearson, A. W. 2005. An exploratory comparison of the behavioral dynamics of top management teams in family and nonfamily new ventures: Cohesion, conflict, potency, and consensus. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(3): 267–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faccio, M. 2006. Politically connected firms. American Economic Review, 96(1): 369–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faccio, M., & Lang, L. H. 2002. The ultimate ownership of Western European corporations. Journal of Financial Economics, 65(3): 365–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faccio, M., Masulis, R. W., & McConnell, J. 2006. Political connections and corporate bailouts. The Journal of Finance, 61(6): 2597–2635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, H. E., Aron, A., Mashek, D., Li, H., & Brown, L. L. 2002. Defining the brain systems of lust, romantic attraction, and attachment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31(5): 413–419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ge, J., Carney, M., & Kellermanns, F. 2019. Who fills institutional voids? Entrepreneurs’ utilization of political and family ties in emerging markets. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(6): 1124–1147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaser, B. G. 1978. Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. San Francisco: The Sociology Press.Google Scholar
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. 1967. The discovery of grounded theory. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Nunez-Nickel, M., & Gutierrez, I. 2001. The role of family ties in agency contracts. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1): 81–95.Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. 1983. The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory, 1: 201–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, M. 1985. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3): 481–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, M. 2005. The impact of social structure on economic outcomes. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1): 33–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graves, C., & Thomas, J. 2008. Determinants of the internationalization pathways of family firms: An examination of family influence. Family Business Review, 21(2): 151–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, H., Xu, E., & Jacobs, M. 2014. Managerial political ties and firm performance during institutional transitions: An analysis of mediating mechanisms. Journal of Business Research, 67(2): 116–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guthrie, J. P., & Olian, J. D. 1991. Does context affect staffing decisions? The case of general managers. Personnel Psychology, 44(2): 263–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, A. J. 2005. Politicians on the board of directors: Do connections affect the bottom line? Journal of Management, 31(3): 464–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, A. J., & Hitt, M. A. 1999. Corporate political strategy formulation: A model of approach, participation, and strategy decisions. Academy of Management Review, 24(4): 825–842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, A. J., Keim, G. D., & Schuler, D. 2004. Corporate political activity: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 30(6): 837–857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, A. J., Zardkoohi, A., & Bierman, L. 1999. Corporate political strategies and firm performance: Indications of firm-specific benefits from personal service in the US government. Strategic Management Journal, 20(1): 67–81.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, J., Hoelscher, M., & Sorenson, R. 2006. Achieving sustained competitive advantage: A family capital theory. Family Business Review, 19(2): 135–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofstede, G. 1993. Cultural constraints in management theories. Academy of Management Perspectives, 7(1): 81–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holderness, C. G. 2009. The myth of diffuse ownership in the United States. Review of Financial Studies, 22(4): 1377–1408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsueh, J. W. J., & Gomez-Solorzano, M. 2019. Social tie heterogeneity and firms’ networking strategy. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(2): 352–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, J., & Laszlo, S. 2012. Is bribery really regressive? Bribery's costs, benefits, and mechanisms. World Development, 40(2): 355–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inkpen, A. C., & Tsang, E. W. 2005. Social capital, networks, and knowledge transfer. Academy of Management Review, 30(1): 146–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, C., Lazzarini, S. G., & Musacchio, A. 2013. Leviathan as a minority shareholder: Firm-level implications for equity purchases by the state. Academy of Management Journal, 56(6): 1775–1801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khwaja, A. I., & Mian, A. 2005. Unchecked intermediaries: Price manipulation in an emerging stock market. Journal of Financial Economics, 78(1): 203–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krackhardt, D. 1992. The strength of strong ties: The importance of Philos in organizations. In Nohria, N., & Eccles, R. (Eds.), Networks and organization: Structure, form and action: 216–239. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., & Neter, J. 2004. Applied linear regression models. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Google Scholar
Landes, D. S. 2006. Dynasties. New York: Viking Penguin.Google Scholar
Laursen, B., & Jensen-Campbell, L. A. 1999. The nature and functions of social exchange in adolescent romantic relationships. In Furman, W., Brown, B. B., & Feiring, C. (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence: 50–74. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C., Lee, K., & Pennings, J. M. 2001. Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: A study on technology-based ventures. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 615–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J. S., Zhao, G., & Lu, F. 2019. The effect of value congruence between founder and successor on successor’s willingness: The mediating role of the founder-successor relationship. Family Business Review, 32(3): 259–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leuz, C., & Oberholzer-Gee, F. 2006. Political relationships, global financing, and corporate transparency: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Financial Economics, 81(2): 411–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, X. H., & Liang, X. 2015. A Confucian social model of political appointments among Chinese private-firm entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Journal, 58(2): 592–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, H., & Zhang, A. 2007. The role of managers’ political networking and functional experience in new venture performance: Evidence from China's transition economy. Strategic Management Journal, 28(8): 791–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, J. W. 2003. Theory-testing, generalization, and the problem of external validity. Sociological Theory, 21(3): 236–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, J. D. 2012. Guanxi revisited: An exploratory study of family ties in a Chinese workplace. Management and Organization Review, 7(2): 329–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lux, S., Crook, T. R., & Woehr, D. J. 2011. Mixing business with politics: A meta-analysis of the antecedents and outcomes of corporate political activity. Journal of Management, 37(1): 223–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mani, D., & Durand, R. 2019. Family firms in the ownership network: Clustering, bridging, and embeddedness. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(2): 330–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsden, P. V., & Campbell, K. E. 1984. Measuring tie strength. Social Forces, 63(2): 482–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayring, P. 2014. Qualitative content analysis: Theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution. Klagenfurt, Austria: Beltz.Google Scholar
McEvily, B., Jaffee, J., & Tortoriello, M. 2012. Not all bridging ties are equal: Network imprinting and firm growth in the Nashville legal industry, 1933–1978. Organization Science, 23(2): 547–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFadyen, M. A., & Cannella, A. A. 2004. Social capital and knowledge creation: Diminishing returns of the number and strength of exchange relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 47(5): 735–746.Google Scholar
McGuire, J. B., Sundgren, A., & Schneeweis, T. 1988. Corporate social responsibility and firm financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 31(4): 854–872.Google Scholar
Meznar, M. B., & Nigh, D. 1995. Buffer or bridge? Environmental and organizational determinants of public affairs activities in American firms. Academy of Management Journal, 38(4): 975–996.Google Scholar
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. 1994. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Mishina, Y., Pollock, T. G., & Porac, J. F. 2004. Are more resources always better for growth? Resource stickiness in market and product expansion. Strategic Management Journal, 25(12): 1179–1197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, P. 2005. Structural vs. relational embeddedness: Social capital and managerial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 26(12): 1129–1151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. 1998. Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2): 242–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palloni, A., Massey, D. S., Ceballos, M., Espinosa, K., & Spittel, M. 2001. Social capital and international migration: A test using information on family networks. American Journal of Sociology, 106(5): 1262–1298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pei, M. 1995. ‘Creeping democratization’ in China. Journal of Democracy, 6(4): 65–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, M. W., & Luo, Y. 2000. Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3): 486–501.Google Scholar
Perry, E. J., & Goldman, M. 2009. Grassroots political reform in contemporary China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. 2003. The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rubin, Z. 1970. Measurement of romantic love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(2): 265–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, P., & Irving, P. G. 2005. Four bases of family business successor commitment: Antecedents and consequences. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1): 13–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheng, S., Zhou, K. Z., & Li, J. J. 2011. The effects of business and political ties on firm performance: Evidence from China. Journal of Marketing, 75(1): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stam, W., & Elfring, T. 2008. Entrepreneurial orientation and new venture performance: The moderating role of intra- and extraindustry social capital. Academy of Management Journal, 51(1): 97–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. 1986. A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93(2): 119–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. 1990. Basics of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Sun, P., Mellahi, K., & Wright, M. 2012. The contingent value of corporate political ties. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(3): 68–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, P., Mellahi, K., Wright, M., & Xu, H. 2015. Political tie heterogeneity and the impact of adverse shocks on firm value. Journal of Management Studies, 52(8): 1036–1063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swann, W. B. Jr. 1983. Self-verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self. Psychological perspectives on the self. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Swann, W. B. Jr. 2011. Self-verification theory. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology, 2: 23–42.Google Scholar
Thompson, C. J., Locander, W. B., & Pollio, H. R. 1989. Putting consumer experience back into consumer research: The philosophy and method of existential-phenomenology. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(2): 133–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. 1998. Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4): 464–476.Google Scholar
Tsang, E. W., & Williams, J. N. 2012. Generalization and induction: Misconceptions, clarifications, and a classification of induction. MIS Quarterly, 36(3): 729–748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Umphress, E. E., Labianca, G., Brass, D. J., Kass, E., & Scholten, L. 2003. The role of instrumental and expressive social ties in employees’ perceptions of organizational justice. Organization Science, 14(6): 738–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verhoef, P. C., Franses, P. H., & Hoekstra, J. C. 2002. The effect of relational constructs on customer referrals and number of services purchased from a multiservice provider: Does age of relationship matter? Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(3): 202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernon, V. 2010. Marriage: For love, for money….and for time? Review of Economics of the Household, 8(4): 433–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verver, M., & Koning, J. 2018. Toward a kinship perspective on entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4): 631–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, G., Jiang, X., Yuan, C. H., & Yi, Y. Q. 2013. Managerial ties and firm performance in an emerging economy: Tests of the mediating and moderating effects. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(2): 537–559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westhead, P., & Cowling, M. 1998. Family firm research: The need for a methodological rethink. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(1): 31–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, R. K. 1994. Discovering the future of the case study. Method in evaluation research. Evaluation Practice, 15(3): 283–290.Google Scholar
Zellweger, T., Eddleston, K., & Kellermanns, F. W. 2010. Exploring the concept of familiness: Introducing family firm identity. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1(1): 54–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zellweger, T. M., Kellermanns, F. W., Chrisman, J. J., & Chua, J. H. 2012. Family control and family firm valuation by family CEOs: The importance of intentions for transgenerational control. Organization Science, 23(3): 851–868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, G. Q. 2008. Marriage as political strategy and cultural expression: Mongolian royal marriages from World Empire to Yuan dynasty. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, W., Singh, K., & Mitchell, W. 2015. Buffering and enabling: The impact of interlocking political ties on firm survival and sales growth. Strategic Management Journal, 36(11): 1615–1636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, W., Su, S., & Shou, Z. 2017. Social ties and firm performance: The mediating effect of adaptive capability and supplier opportunism. Journal of Business Research, 78: 226–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar