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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 January 2015
Let π (x) count the primes p ≤ x, where x is a large real number. Euclid proved that there are infinitely many primes, so that π (x) → ∞ as x → ∞; in fact his famous argument ([1: Section 2.2]) can be used to show that
There was no further progress on the problem of the distribution of primes until Euler developed various tools for the purpose; in particular he proved in 1737 [1: Theorem 427] that