Symmetry, graphs and eigenvalues

Extract

The discussion of symmetry in modern mathematics syllabuses can be taken a stage further in the sixth form to show how symmetry can often be used to simplify the solution of certain types of problems. This article gives just one example, that of determining the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an n × n matrix. The theory involves two steps. In the first we show how the eigenvalues of a matrix M can under certain circumstances be found from those of a commuting matrix P. In the second step we show how to construct, from the symmetry properties of matrix M, commuting matrices P whose eigenvalues are readily found.