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Metapopulation Dynamics and the Evolution of SpermParasitism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 May 2014

K. Parvinen
K. Parvinen*
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, FI-20014 University of Turku Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
*
⋆Corresponding author. E-mail: kalparvi@utu.fi
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Abstract

Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa) females reproduce asexually, but theyneed sperm to initiate the process. Such gynogenetic reproduction can be called spermparasitism since the DNA in the sperm is not used. Since all offspring of asexuallyreproducing females are females, they can locally outcompete sexually reproducing ones,but their persistence is threatened by the lack of males. Therefore, the existence ofAmazon mollies is puzzling. A metapopulation structure has been suggested to enable thecoexistence of gynogenetic and sexual species. Previously only Levins-type metapopulationmodels have been used to investigate this question, but they are not defined on theindividual level. Therefore we investigate the evolution of sperm parasitism in astructured metapopulation model, which incorporates both realistic local populationdynamics and individual-level dispersal. If the reproduction strategy is freely evolvingin a large well-mixed population or in the structured metapopulation model, strongdiscrimination of asexually reproducing females by males results in evolution to fullsexuality, whereas mild discrimination leads to too small probability of sexualreproduction, so that the lack of males causes the extinction of the evolving population,resulting in evolutionary suicide. This classification remains the same also when bothsexual reproduction and dispersal are freely evolving. Sexual and asexual behaviour can beobserved at the same time in this model in the presence of a trade-off between thereproduction and dispersal traits. However, we do not observe disruptive selectionresulting in the evolutionarily stable coexistence of fully sexual and fully asexualfemales. Instead, the presence of sexual and asexual behaviour is due to females with amixed reproduction trait.

Keywords

Adaptive dynamicscooperationmetapopulation
Type
Research Article
Information
Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena , Volume 9 , Issue 3: Biological evolution , 2014 , pp. 124 - 137
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, 2014

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