Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T03:42:09.670Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The future of mobility and its critical rawmaterials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2013

S. Ziemann ,
A. Grunwald ,
L. Schebek ,
D.B. Müller  and
M. Weil
S. Ziemann
Affiliation:
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. e-mail: saskia.ziemann@kit.edu
A. Grunwald
Affiliation:
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. e-mail: saskia.ziemann@kit.edu
L. Schebek
Affiliation:
Industrial Material Cycles, Technische Universität Darmstadt (TUD), Petersenstraße 13, Darmstadt, Germany
D.B. Müller
Affiliation:
Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
M. Weil
Affiliation:
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. e-mail: saskia.ziemann@kit.edu Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage, (HIU) Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
Get access

Abstract

Concerns for climate change and declining oil reserves lead to a shift of transportationsystems in many industrial countries. However, alternative drive concepts contain to someextent critical raw materials. Since the availability of certain raw materials could bedecisive for the success of emerging technologies, concerns are growing about thepotential limitation of resources. This brought about a growing attention to the subjectsof criticality and resource security of raw materials by science, policy and industry.Four of the resulting surveys are described in terms of their framing of criticality,their indicators for evaluating criticality, and their rankings of potentially criticalraw materials. Critical raw materials are used in alternative drive concepts because oftheir specific properties. The focus of our work lies on batteries for electric vehicleswith special attention to lithium-ion batteries being one of the most promising candidatesfor energy storage there. Lithium-ion batteries use as major cathode materials lithium,manganese and cobalt, all of which are potential critical. A material flow model of theglobal manganese cycle is developed. It could be identified that there is a lack ofrelevant data for processes and flows. The lack of data impedes a comprehensive view andtherefore no final conclusions could be drawn, which advice the need for further research.Using manganese as an example, it could be illustrated how material flow analysis cancontribute to compiling relevant preparatory work that can subsequently serve as a basisfor a prospective support of a criticality evaluation and to inform stakeholders andpolicy makers about the effectiveness of various interventions to reduce the risk or theeffects of supply chain disruptions.

Keywords

Resourcesraw materialscriticality assessmentmanganeselithiumelectric vehicleslithium-ion batteriesmaterial flow analysis
Type
Research Article
Information
Metallurgical Research & Technology , Volume 110 , Issue 1: Social Value of Materials , 2013 , pp. 47 - 54
Copyright
© EDP Sciences 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ENT (ERA-NET Transport), Electric Road Transport Policies in Europe till 2015, opportunities, experiences and recommendations, Cologne, 2011
S. Ziemann, B. Simon, M. Weil, Electric mobility and its critical raw materials, Proceedings 13th Ulm Electrochemical Talks (UECT) 3-5 July, Ulm, 2012
IEA (International Energy Agency), Energy Technology Transitions for Industry: Strategies for the next industrial revolution. Paris, 2009
NRC (National Research Council of the National Academies), Minerals, Critical Minerals, and the US Economy. Washington, DC, The National Academies Press, 2007
Vbw (Vereinigung der Bayerischen Wirtschaft e.V.), Rohstoffsituation in Bayern: Keine Zukunft ohne Rohstoffe: Strategien und Handlungsoptionen, Köln, Bericht der IW Consult GmbH, 2009 [in German]
EC (European Commission), Critical raw materials for the EU: report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials, Brussels, 2010
D. Wittmer, M. Scharp, S. Bringezu, M. Ritthoff, M. Erren, C. Lauwigi, J. Giegrich, Umweltrelevante metallische Rohstoffe, In: Metallische Rohstoffe, weltweite Wiedergewinnung von PGM und Materialien für Infrastrukturen. Abschlussbericht des Arbeitspakts 2 des Projekts Materialeffizienz und Ressourcenschonung (MaRess). Wuppertal: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie, 2011 [in German]
USGS, Manganese. In: 2009 Minerals Yearbook. Reston, United States Geological Survey, 2011
USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012, Reston: United States Geological Survey, 2012
B. Ketterer, U. Karl, D. Möst, S. Ulrich, Lithium-Ion Batteries: State of the Art and Application Potential in Hybrid-, Plug-In Hybrid- and Electric Vehicles, FZKA 7503. Karlsruhe, Wissenschaftliche Berichte Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 2009
Ziemann, S., Weil, M., Schebek, L., Conserv. Recycling 63 (2012) 26-34
G. Angerer, F. Marscheider-Weidemann, M. Wendl, M. Wietschel, Lithium für Zukunftstechnologien: Nachfrage und Angebot unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Elektromobilität, Karlsruhe, Fraunhofer ISI, 2009 [in German]
Yaksic, A., Tilton, E., Resour. Policy 34 (2009) 185-94
I. Buchmann, Battery University, Cadex Electronics Inc.; 2012 (Available from: http://batteryuniversity.com, Internet, cited 10.04.12)
J. Cao, T. Graedel, R. Lifset, Metal cycle, Encyclopedia of Earth, Cutler, edited by J. Cleveland, Washington, D.C., Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment; first published in the Encyclopedia of Earth May 20, 2007 [Available from: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Metal_cycle, Internet, cited 30.03.12]
P.H. Brunner, H. Rechberger, Practical handbook of material flow analysis, Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis, 2004
T. Vulcan, Manganese, An unsung hero, Hard Assets Investor, 2009 [Available from: http://www.hardassetsinvestor.com, Internet, cited 18.04.12]
USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2011, Reston: United States Geological Survey, 2011
USGS, Flow Studies for recycling metal commodities in the United States, Circular 1196–A–M. Reston: United States Geological Survey, 2004
CRIRSCO (Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards), International Reporting Template for the public reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, 2006
A. Gandhi, Manganese, Ideas 1st Information Services Pvt. Ltd., 2010 [Available from: http://www.ideasfirst.in, Internet, cited 02.04.12]
S. Martinet, Batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles, State of the art. Lille: IEEE VPPC, 2010
Notter, D.A., Gauch, M., Widmer, R., Wager, P., Stamp, A., Zah, R., Althaus, H.-J., Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (2010) 6550-6556
IMnI (International Manganese Institute), About Mn Applications, 2012 [Available from: http://www.manganese.org, Internet, cited 18.04.12]
Y.-S. Jeong, K. Matsubae-Yokoyama, T. Nagasaka, Recovery of Manganese and Phosphorus from Dephosphorization Slag with Wet Magnetic Separation. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, 2009