The central region of a type 1 stone was found by optical and X-ray topographic examination to be densely populated with small inclusions. The X-ray studies indicated that these were precipitates formed after growth of the stone. Precipitate sizes fell into two groups, 1 µ or less, and around 5 µ. Many cases of decoration of grown-in dislocations by these precipitates were observed.

The apparatus enables a small crystal to be rotated through 360° about an axis parallel to the stage of a polarizing microscope, while immersed in a liquid of known refractive index. Angles of rotation are measured on a graduated drum to the nearest degree. The working distances separating the crystal from the objective and the condenser are sufficiently small for wide-angle interference figures to be obtained. The crystal is easily mounted and centred.

Differential thermal analysis alone appears inadequate as a tool for distinguishing the many chlorite varieties; however, this process is capable of yielding much valuable information about the chlorites. The 7 Å septechlorite structure may be easily distinguished from the normal 14 Å chlorite structure. Two stages of dehydration, oxidation of ferrous iron, and structural collapse appear as endothermic and exothermic peaks on the D.T.A. chlorite curves. Septechlorites show only one, large dehydration stage, which leads directly to the structural breakdown. Iron oxidation accompanies the initial dehydration in both structural types, and the temperature at which dehydration begins is noticeably lowered by increasing ferrous iron content of the chlorite variety.

An Irish locality for morenosite is recorded. A chemical analysis shows that a small amount of magnesium is present and this agrees with the composition as indicated by refractive index measurements. X-ray powder data confirm the identification and the genesis of the mineral is briefly discussed.

Experiments have been conducted to determine the optimum conditions for the hydrothermal growth of ruby. The solubility of corundmn in various solutions has been determined and compared with the respective growth obtained in each medium. The discrepancy between solubility and effective growth is discussed.

The need for a high degree of chemical purity has resulted in the development of platinum liners for the autoclaves. The effects of impurities and of other factors on the growth of ruby crystals have been studied. The crystal habit of hydrothermal ruby is also described.

The accurate determination of α:[001] and 2V in members of the aegirine-augite series often presents difficulties owing to strong absorption and dispersion, especially as high angles of tilt on the universal stage are often involved. Both of these angles depend on the location of α, and this operation is the one most subject to error.

An alternative procedure is the determination of A:[001], the angle between an optic axis and [001]. This angle is very easily and accurately determined and varies systematically with composition. It can be derived from the values for α:[001] and 2V, while conversely values of α:[001] and 2V can be obtained from A:[001] by reference to standard curves.

Only two, or at most three, variables can be considered on a two-dimensional composition diagram; six variables must be fixed to completely define a variety of the chlorite or septechlorite groups. The positions of tetrahedral coordination may be described by a single variable and positions of sixfold coordination require three independent variables for complete definition. The number of OH− ions is probably very near the theoretical value of eight, however, it may vary somewhat from this value, and, in so doing, influences the ratio of trivalent and bivalent cations in octahedral coordination.

The normal 14 Å chlorites and 7 Å septechlorites have traditionally been associated together and, although they represent two distinct structural groups, are considered together for classification purposes, since they share many identical variety compositions; a sixth variable denotes structural type, as determined by X-ray powder diffraction or D.T.A.

Each chlorite or septechlorite variety can be described by a numerical notation (chlorite number) consisting of six units and, by dividing the chlorite numbers into units according to accepted nomenclature, each possible chlorite composition can be assigned a variety name, and all variety names can be assigned to a definite composition range.

Objections are raised to the custom of reversing the pole of projection when dealing with lower crystal faces, for some points so projected no longer retain their natural interangular relations. Instead, lower face normals may be replaced by their antipodal points; these antipodal points are then projected in the usual manner, with suitable symbols. The resultant stereographic projection not only portrays all crystal faces within the primitive circle but is also strictly angle-true.

Brushite occurs as radial-concentric layers of prismatic crystals deposited on baked pellets of bentonite impregnated with cobalt oxide, placed in the reticulo-rumen of lambs as a preventive of cobalt-deficiency diseases. Collophane-like whitlockite, apparently pseudormorphous after brushite, occurs underneath the brushite layers, and struvite is found as rare minute crystals between the whitlockite and brnshite layers. Analytical and physical data are given for the first two minerals and the origin of the deposit is discussed.

Two spectrochemical methods of feldspar determination are described: one based on the flame spectrophotometer; the other on the quartz spectrograph. For the first method, unknown feldspars are dissolved in a mixture of hydrofluoric and perchloric acids and diluted to 1 : 104. Percentages of Or and An are determined by comparison with dissolved feldspar standards at the same dilution; percentages of Ab are estimated by difference. For the second method, unknown feldspars are burned, unadulterated, in the cathode of the spectrograph arc and a visual estimation is made of the intensities of the following lines: Na5688, Na5683, Ca4455, Ca4435, Ca4425, K4047, K4044, Ca3644, K3447, Na3303, Na3302, and Ca3159. The estimated intensities are then substituted in two empirically determined functions:

(ICa4455+ICa4435+ICa4255+ICa3644+ICa3159)−4/3(INa5688+INa5683+INa3303+INa3302)and (3INa5688+3INa5683+2INa3303+INa3302)−43(4IK4047+3IK4044+2IK3447) .

From the algebraic values of these two functions, the compositions of the unknown feldspars, expressed as percentages of Or, Ab, and An, are read directly from a chart based on results obtained from feldspar standards of known chemical composition.

The occurrence of tridymite, now inverted to quartz, in a craignurite (allied to granophyre) from Craignure, Mull, is described. An account of the field occurrence and petrology and a new analysis of the craignurite are given. The significance of the occurrence of tridymite is discussed in the light of recent experimental studies.

The trace-element assemblage of the cassiterite of the Turkaňk and Rejsy zones of the Kutná Hora mining district are typical of a hydrothermal sulphide-cassiterite formation. Polished section studies show replacement of cassiterite by pyrrhotine, with stannite as am intermediate zone.

In the Carboniferous-Permian dyke-suite north of Loch Sunart, Argyll, a complete gradation is displayed from olivine-dolerite to camptonite. The dolerites are more numerous than the camptonites, and dykes of monchiquite are rare. A small number of minettes and allied lamprophyre types of Devonian age are also present. New analyses of biotite and diopside from a minette and of augite and hornblende from a camptonite are presented, with optical data, and the classification of the dykes briefly discussed.

Redetermination of the unit-cell dimensions as a 10·406 Å, b 10·813 Å, c 8·926 Å, α 104° 56′, β 96° 52′, γ 125° 19′, has shown that the hitherto accepted unit-cell of Gossner and Spielberger (1929) is in error. The morphological unit-cell of Palache (1933) is related to the new unit-cell, to a high degree of precision, by the transformation Palache → Kelsey-MeKie [001∕01½½∕½00]. Fifteen published and two new analyses indicate that the unit-cell contents approach Na+4 [Fe2-10- Ti4+2] Si4+12O2-40. The common twin axis constitutes the diad of a pseudo-monoclinic cell, the (010) plane of which is dimensionally closely related to that of pyroxenes and amphiboles. It is suggested that the aenigmatite structure is based on silicate chains of pyroxene type cross-linked by Ti4+ and Fe2+ on distinct 6-fold sites, with Na+ on sites of higher coordination number. Aenigmatite from volcanic in contrast to that from plutonic parageneses is often submicroscopically twinned and may be inverted from a high temperature monoclinic polymorph.

The mineral woodruffite, which has so far been reported from only one locality, Sterling Hill, New Jersey, has been found to occur in the Sandur area. Its physical and chemical characters are given. Indexing of the X-ray powder photograph shows that the mineral is most probably tetragonal with a 8·42, c 9·28 Å.

The chemistry and optics of the amphiboles in alkaline rocks of Koraput, Orissa, India, are described. The variation in chemical characters of the amphiboles is consistent with the variation in rock composition. With progressive fractionation the mineral shows increasing replacement of magnesium by iron while Ca is not affected by such replacement. The trend in variation is comparable to that in pyroxenes of alkaline basaltic magmas. The entry of Ti into the structure of amphibole appears to be favoured by alumina activity and concentration of Ti in the magma. Optical characters vary with the iron : magnesium ratio and titanium content of the mineral. The water content of the magma had an important influence on the composition of the mafic minerals in the rocks.

The preparation of thin rock-sections using a modified high-speed surface grinding machine is described. The machine is fitted with a new type of jig designed to hold ¼ in. thick glass slides to which the rock slices are mounted for grinding. The machine operates automatically once a cut is set and the large size of the jig enables fifteen 3 in. × 1 in. sections to be produced at one grinding operation without the constant attention of an operator.

A hydraulically operated microscope stage is described and constructional details are given. The stage is foot-operated, which leaves both hands free for continuous focusing of the microscope and the operation of a mechanical counting device. A further advantage of the hydraulic stage is that unmounted grains (or small fossils) can be moved smoothly and without relative movement between individual grains. The rate at which grains (or small fossils) can be counted is thus greatly increased.

Aluminium oxides occur widely in soils and are of considerable pedological significance. The ageing of alumina gels, prepared from aluminium chloride and ammonia, into crystalline hydroxides has been investigated using thermal, X-ray, infra-red, and electron-microscope techniques. At room temperature ageing is more rapid at high pH values. The structure of the original gel particles appears to resemble boehmite and ageing causes the formation of bayerite with small amounts of gibbsite. The morphology of the various mineral types is considered and a mechanism of ageing suggested.