Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:04:48.922Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

HRTEM investigation of intralayer and interlayer stacking defects and pyrophyllite interlayers in illite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

Tao Chen ,
Hejing Wang ,
Roger Mason  and
Li Chen
Tao Chen*
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China Institute of Gemology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Hejing Wang
Affiliation:
School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Roger Mason
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Li Chen
Affiliation:
Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Beijing University, Beijing 100871, China
*
*E-mail: chentao@cug.edu.cn
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Metastable authigenic 1M illite from shale of diagenetic grade has been studied using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) equipped with energy-dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. The illite occurs as deformed flakes deficient in interlayer K+ cations with 0.6 per half cell, and with abnormally high Al in both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. Complex structural adjustments reflecting the unusual chemical composition are observed in images of illite at near-atomic resolution. Different distances and directions of intralayer shift between the upper tetrahedral sheet and the lower tetrahedral sheet within 2:1 layers are found in this sample. Intralayer undershift structure coupled with interlayer displacement is found in a 1M illite crystal, and intralayer overshift structure coupled with no interlayer displacement is found in a 1M domain of a larger crystal. Two tetrahedral sheets across the interlayer region sometimes deviate from ideal positions causing interlayer displacement. Two pyrophyllite layers are found overlying a stack of ordered 1M illite layers, and are overlain by illite layers with anomalous interlayer offsets. This offset is considered to result from an increase in the lateral dimensions of the tetrahedral sheet due to anomalous high Al content. Our observation of intralayer and interlayer deficiencies indicate that authigenic illite that crystallized in the early stage of diagenesis at low temperatures tends to give rise to heterogeneous, disordered, and metastable structures.

Keywords

illitepyrophyllitestacking defectsintralayer shiftinterlayer displacementdiagenesis
Type
Research Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 74 , Issue 3 , June 2010 , pp. 451 - 461
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amouric, M. and Baronnet, A. (1983) Effects of early nucleation condition on synthetic muscovite polytypism as seen by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 9, 146–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W. (1975) Cation ordering and pseudosymmetry in layer silicates. Amercian Mineralogist, 60, 175–187.Google Scholar
Bailey, S.W. (1984) Crystal chemistry of the true micas. Pp. 13–60 in: Micas (Bailey, S.W., editor). Reviews in Mineralogy, 13, Mineralogical Society of Amercia, Washington D.C. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W. (1988) X-ray diffraction identification of the polytypes of mica, serpentine, and chlorite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36, 193–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besson, G. and Drits, V.A. (1997 a) Refined relationships between chemical composition of dioctahedral fine grained mica minerals and their infrared spectra within the OH stretching region. Part I: Identification ofth e OH stretching bands. Clays and Clay Minerals, 45, 158–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besson, G. and Drits, V.A. (1997 b) Refined relationships between chemical composition of dioctahedral fine-grained mica minerals and their infrared spectrum within the OH stretching region. Part II: The main factors affecting OH vibrations and quantitative analysis. Clays and Clay Minerals, 45, 170–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brigatti, M. F. and Guggenheim, S. (2002) Mica crystal chemistry and the influence of pressure, temperature, and solid solution on atomistic models. Pp. 1–98 in: Micas: Crystal Chemistry and Metamorphic Petrology (Mottana, A., Sassi, F.P., Thompson, Jr. and Guggenheim, S., editors). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 46, Mineralogical Society of Amercia, Washington D.C. with Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Roma, Italy.Google Scholar
Chen, T. and Wang, H.J. (2007) Determination of layer stacking microstructures and intralayer transition of illite polytypes by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Amercian Mineralogist, 92, 926–932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, T. and Wang, H.J. (2008) Mix-layer clay minerals from Chuanlinggou Formation of Changcheng System in Jixian County, Tianjin City. Earth Science - Journal of China University of Geosciences. 33, 716–722 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Cruz, M.D.R., Morata, D., Puga, E., Aguirre, L. and Vergara, M. (2004) Microstructures and interlayering in pyrophyllite from the Coastal Range of central Chile: evidence of a disequilibrium assemblage. Clay Minerals, 39, 439–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz, M.D.R., Rodriguez, M.D. and Novak, J.K. (2009) The illitization ofdickite: chemical and structural evolution of illite from diagenetic to metamorphic conditions. European Journal of Mineralogy, 21, 361–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J. (1992) An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, pp. 279–293. Longman, Harlow, Essex, UK.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. and McCarty, D.K. (2007) The nature of structure-bonded H2O in illite and leucophyllite from dehydration and dehydroxylation experiments. Clays and Clay Minerals, 55, 45–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A., Weber, F., Salyn, A.L. and Tsipursky, S.I. (1993) X-ray identification of one-layer illite varieties: Application to the study of illites around uranium deposits of Canada. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 389–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A., Lindgreen, H., Sakharov, B.A., Jakobsen, H.J., Salyn, A.L. and Dainyak, L.G. (2002) Tobelitization of smectite during oil generation in oil-source shales. Application to North Sea illitetobelite- smectite-vermiculite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 50, 82–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A., McCarty, D.K. and Zviagina, B.B. (2006) Crystal-chemical factors responsible for the distribution of octahedral cations over trans- and cis-sites in dioctahedral 2:1 layer silicates. Clays and Clay Minerals, 54, 131–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, B.W. and Guggenheim, S. (1988) Talc, pyrophyllite, and related minerals. Pp. 225–294 in: Hydrous Phyllosillicates (exclusive of micas) (Bailey, S.W., editor). Reviews in Mineralogy, 19, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington D.C. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, M. (1987) Very low-grade metamorphism of clastic sedimentary rocks. Pp. 9–58 in: Low- Temperature Metamorphism. (Frey, M. editor). Blackie, Glasgow, London.Google Scholar
Grim, R.E., Bray, R.H. and Bradley, W.F. (1937) The mica in argillaceous sediments. American Mineralogist, 22, 813–829.Google Scholar
Gualtieri, A.F., Ferrari, S., Leoni, M., Grathoff, G., Hugo, R., Shatnawi, M., Pagliad, G. and Billinged, S. (2008) Structural characterization ofthe clay mineral illite-1M. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 41, 402–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A., Velde, B., Meunier, A. and Touchard, G. (1988) Mechanism of illite formation during smectite-to-illite conversion in a hydrothermal system. American Mineralogist, 73, 1325–1334.Google Scholar
Kogure, T., Banno, Y. and Miyawaki, R. (2004) Interlayer structure in aspidolite, the Na analogue ofphlogopite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 16, 891–897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kogure, T. Miyawaki, R. and Banno, Y. (2005) The true structure ofwonesite, an interlayer-deficient trioctahedral sodium mica. American Mineralogist, 90: 725–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loucks, R.R. (1991) The bound interlayer water content ofpotassic white micas: muscovite-hydro muscovite hydro pyrophyllite solutions. American Mineralogist, 76, 1563–1579.Google Scholar
Mason, R. (1990) Petrology of the Metamorphic Rocks (Second Edition). Unwin Hyman, London, 230 pp.Google Scholar
McCarty, D.K. and Reynolds, R.C. Jr. (1995) Rotationally disordered illite-smectite in Paleozoic K-bentonites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 271–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C. (1989) X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals. Oxford, New York, 332 pp.Google Scholar
Peacor, D.R., Bauluz, B., Dong, H., Tillick, D. and Yan, Y. (2002) Transmission and analytical electron microscopy evidence for high Mg contents of 1M illite: Absence of 1M polytypism in normal prograde diagenetic sequences ofpelitic rocks. Clays and Clay Minerals, 50, 757–765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pöter, B., Gottschalk, M. and Heinrich, W. (2007) Crystal-chemistry ofsynthetic K-feldspar -buddingtonite and muscovite-tobelite solid solutions. American Mineralogist, 92, 151–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radoslovich, E.W. (1960) The structure ofmuscovite, KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 . Acta Crystallographica, 13, 919–932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rieder, M., Cavazzini, G., D’Yakonov, Y., Frank- Kamenetskii, V.A., Gottardi, G., Guggenheim, S., Koval’, P.V., Müller, G., Neiva, A.M.R., Radoslovich, E.W., Robert, J.-L., Sassi, F.P., Takeda, H., Weiss, Z. and Wones, D.R. (1998) Nomenclature of the micas. The Canadian Mineralogist, 36, 905–912.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, P.E. (2002) The nature, formation, and stability ofend -member illite: A hypothesis. American Mineralogist, 87, 103–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, X.Y., Jiang, G.Q., Zhang, C.H., Liu, J. and Gao, L.Z. (2008) Sand veins and microbially induced sedimentary structures from the black shale of the Mesoproterozoic Chuanlinggou Formation (ca. 1.7 Ga) in North China: implications for methane degassing from microbial mats. Earth Science - Journal of China University of Geosciences, 33(5), 577–590 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Shindo, D. and Hiraga, K. (1998) High-resolution Electron Microscopy for Materials Science. Springer Verlag, Tokyo, 190 pp.Google Scholar
Środoń, J., Morgan, D.J., Eberl, D.D. and Karlinger, M.R. (1986) Chemistry of illite/smectite and endmember illite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 368–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toraya, H. (1981) Distortions of octahedra and octahedral sheets in 1M micas and the relation to their stability. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 157, 173–190.Google Scholar
Wang, H., Wang, H.J., Chen, T. and Zhang, Z.Q. (2005) Study of Two-dimensional Nanometer Illite in Jixian County, Tianjin City. Geological Review, 51(3), 319–324 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Wang, H.J., Rahn, M., Tao, X.F., Zheng, N. and Xu, T.J. (2008) Diagenesis and metamorphism of Triassic flysch along profile Zoige-Lushan, northwest Sichuan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica – English Edition, 82, 917–926.Google Scholar
Ylagan, R.F., Altaner, S.P. and Pozzuoli, A. (2000) Reaction mechanisms of smectite illitization associated with hydro-thermal alteration from Ponza island, Italy. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 610–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, S.X., Huang, X.G. and Shun, S.F. (2005) New progress in the research of the mesoproterozoic Changcheng system (1800-1400 Ma) in the YanShan range, North China. Journal of Stratigraphy, 29 (supplement): 437–448 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zvyagin, B.B. (1957) Determination of the structure of celadonite by electron diffraction. Soviet Physics-Crystallography, 2, 388–394.Google Scholar
Zvyagin, B.B., Mishchenko, K.S. and Soboleva, S.V. (1969) Structure of pyrophyllite and talc in relation to the polytypes ofmi ca-type minerals. Soviet Physics-Crystallography. 13, 511–515.Google Scholar
Zviagina, B.B., Sakharov, B.A. and Drits, V.A. (2007) X-ray diffraction criteria for the identification of trans- and cis-vacant varieties of dioctahedral micas. Clays and Clay Minerals, 5, 467–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar