Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T07:18:27.922Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Anti-Risorgimento as a transnational experience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 January 2016

Simon Sarlin
Simon Sarlin*
Affiliation:
TELEMME-CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, France
*
∗Email: simon.sarlin@univ-amu.fr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The struggle led after 1860 by the Anti-Risorgimento (understood as the conservative opposition to Italian unification) went beyond the frontiers of new Italy. The transnationality of this campaign manifested itself in numerous ways, from international networks of financial support and militancy that were closely associated with counter-revolution and supported by the international structures of the Roman Catholic Church, to forms of transnational mobilisation such as armed volunteerism. This internationalisation of anti-Unity fighting was a conscious strategy of the movement's leaders. They relied on a tradition of solidarity and exchange within the ultraconservative camp – a sort of ‘white international’ – to further the transnational construction of a European identity of counter-revolution. In Italy, the victory of the nationalist movement endowed various anti-liberal forces with a common adversary and common goals; yet the strategy adopted by the Papacy (still a temporal power until 1870), in relation to the cause of the dispossessed sovereigns, was not devoid of ambiguity.

Keywords

counter-revolutionAnti-RisorgimentovolunteersexileSouthern ItalyPapal States
Type
Articles
Information
Modern Italy , Volume 19 , Issue 1: The Italian Risorgimento: transnational perspectives , February 2014 , pp. 81 - 92
Copyright
Copyright © Association for the study of Modern Italy 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Boutry, Philippe. 2002. “Zouaves, pontifical.” In The Papacy: An Encyclopedia, edited by Levillain, Philippe. Vol. 3, 1642–1646. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Canal, Jordi. 2011. “Internationale blanche.” In Dictionnaire de la Contre–Révolution: XVIIIe–XXe siècle, edited by Martin, Jean-Clément, 307–311. Paris: Perrin.Google Scholar
Cathelineau, Victoire. 1909. Le Général Comte de Cathelineau: Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, commandeur de l'ordre de Pie IX, chevalier de la Tour et de l'Épée et de Don Miguel de Portugal: sa vie et ses mémoires. Rome: Desclée De Brouwer.Google Scholar
Clark, Christopher. 2003. “The New Catholicism and the European Culture Wars.” In Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth-century Europe, edited by Clark, Christopher, and Kaiser, Wolfram, 11–46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, John Anthony. 2008. “L'Antirisorgimento.” In Gli italiani in guerra: conflitti, identità, memorie dal Risorgimento ai nostri giorni. 1. Fare l'Italia: unità e disunità nel Risorgimento, edited by Isnenghi, Mario, and Cecchinato, Eva, 753–769. Turin: UTET.Google Scholar
Del Corno, Nicola. 2002. “La setta e i complotti: un'ossessione reazionaria nell'Italia del Risorgimento” Belfagor 51(2):157–176.Google Scholar
Elrod, Richard B. 1984. “Bernhard von Rechberg and the Metternichian Tradition: The Dilemma of Conservative Statecraft” Journal of Modern History 56(3):430–455.Google Scholar
Faugeras, Marius. 1870. “Un aspect local de la question romain: l'aide nantaise au Saint-Siège (1860–1870)” Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest 91(4):393–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horaist, Bruno. 1995. La Dévotion au pape et les catholiques français sous le pontificat de Pie IX: 1846–1878: d'après les archives de la Bibliothèque apostolique vaticane. Rome: École française de Rome.Google Scholar
Lamberts, Emiel. 2002. “L'Internationale noire. Une organisation secrète au service du Saint-Siège.” In The Black International, 1870–1878: The Holy See and Militant Catholicism in Europe, edited by Lamberts, Emiel, 15–102. Brussels: Institut historique belge de Rome.Google Scholar
Leoni, Francesco. 1975. Storia della controrivoluzione in Italia: 1789–1859. Naples: Guida.Google Scholar
Leoni, Francesco. 1979. Le carte delle rappresentanze a Vienna degli ex-ducati italiani: 1859–1866. Palerme: Thulè.Google Scholar
Leoni, Francesco. 1984. Il Governo borbonico in esilio: 1861–1866. Napoli: Guida.Google Scholar
Marraro, Howard Rosario. 1944. “Canadian and American Zouaves in the Papal Army, 1868–1870” CCHA Report 12:83–102.Google Scholar
Martin, Jean-Clément, ed. 2001. La contre-révolution en Europe, XVIIIe–XIXe siècles: Réalités politiques et sociales, résonances culturelles et idéologiques. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes.Google Scholar
Martin, Jean-Clément. 1989. La Vendée de la mémoire: 1800–1980. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Martina, Giacomo. 1986. Pio IX. 2, 1851–1866. Rome: Ed. Pont. Univ. Gregoriana.Google Scholar
Mosse, George. 1991. Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Napolitano, Giorgio. 2011. “Statement of Italian President Giorgio Napolitano at the joint Session of Parliament on the opening of celebrations of the 150th anniversary of Italian Unity.” http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/Continua.aspx?tipo=Discorso&key=2166 Google Scholar
Pirri, Pietro. 1951. Pio IX e Vittorio Emanuele II dal loro carteggio privato. II, la questione romana 1856–1864. Vol. 2. Rome: Pontificia Università Gregoriana.Google Scholar
Pollard, John Francis. 2005. Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Riall, Lucy. 2010. “Martyr Cults in Nineteenth-century Italy” Journal of Modern History 82(2):255–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salvestrini, Arnaldo. 1967. Il Movimento antiunitario in Toscana: 1859–1866. Vol. 1. Florence: L.S. Olschki.Google Scholar
Sarlin, Simon. 2012. Le Légitimisme en armes. Histoire d'une mobilisation internationale contre l'Unité italienne. B.E.F.A.R. Rome: Ecole française de Rome.Google Scholar
Saunier, Pierre-Yves. 2009. “Transnational.” In The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History, edited by Irie, Akira, and Saunier, Pierre-Yves, 1047–1054. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Shain, Yossi. 1989. The Frontier of Loyalty: Political Exiles in the Age of the Nation-State. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Viaene, Vincent. 2002. “The Roman Question: Catholic Mobilisation and Papal Diplomacy during the Pontificate of Pius IX (1846–1878).” In The Black International, 1870–1878: The Holy See and Militant Catholicism in Europe, edited by Lamberts, Emiel, 135–178. Brussels: Institut historique belge de Rome.Google Scholar
Viaene, Vincent. 2004. “Gladiators of Expiation: The Cult of the Martyrs in the Catholic Revival of the Nineteenth Century.” In Retribution, Repentance, and Reconciliation, edited by Cooper, Kate, and Gregory, Jeremy, 301–316. Woodbridge: Boydell.Google Scholar
Viaene, Vincent. 2012. “Nineteenth-century Catholic Internationalism and Its Predecessor.” In Religious Internationals in the Modern World: Globalization and Faith Communities Since 1750, edited by Green, Abigail, and Viaene, Vincent, 82–110. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Viglione, Massimo, ed. 2001. La rivoluzione italiana: storia critica del Risorgimento. Rome: Il Minotauro.Google Scholar