Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T01:13:17.978Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

From Romana Gens to cumbiatella: propaganda, migration and identity in Italo-Peruvian mobilities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 October 2018

Javier Suárez Trejo*
Affiliation:
Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., USA

Abstract

Branding promotes and sells products and services through the creation of an identity – the brand. What happens when the promoter of a brand is a government? What transformations does a national identity experience when it becomes a brand to export? Is national branding a contemporary form of promoting national identities? To explore these questions, the article focuses on two artefacts that show the propaganda/branding strategies of Italians in Peru and Peruvians in Italy during the twentieth century: the magazine Romana- Gens ne la Terra de ‘Los Incas’ (1934–1941) and the ad-documentary Marca Perú in Loreto, Italy (2012). The analysis of these artefacts shows three dimensions of Italo-Peruvian mobilities. First, the complex negotiations of foreign populations that seek to integrate into their adoptive countries (and/or desired market). Second, the reversal of the direction of migration: Latin America was a point of arrival for the Italian immigrants from the nineteenth century until the 1970s, but during the last decades of the twentieth century, it became a point of departure to Italy, which was seen as a place of economic progress. Finally, the specific politics of affects in the relationship of Italian and Peruvian immigrants with national identities built during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Italian summary

Il branding promuove e vende prodotti e servizi mediante la creazione di un’identità, il marchio. Che cosa succede quando il promotore di un brand è un governo? Quali trasformazioni subisce un’ identità nazionale quando diventa un marchio di esportazione? Il brand nazionale è una forma di promozione contemporanea delle identità nazionali? Al fine di indagare questi interrogativi, l’articolo si concentra su due artefatti che mostrano le strategie di propaganda/branding degli italiani in Perù e dei peruviani in Italia durante il XX secolo: la rivista Romana Gens ne la Terra de ‘Los Incas’ (1934–1941) e lo spot-documentario Marca Perú (2012). L’analisi di questi prodotti mette in luce tre dimensioni delle migrazioni Italo-Peruviane: la prima riguarda la complessa negoziazione di una popolazione straniera che cerca di integrarsi nel paese adottivo (e/o mercato desiderato). La seconda è inerente l’inversione della direzione delle migrazioni: l’America Latina è stata un punto di arrivo per gli immigrati italiani (XIX secolo fino agli anni settanta); tuttavia, durante gli ultimi decenni del ventesimo secolo, è diventata un punto di partenza per l’Italia, vista come luogo di progresso economico. Infine, le modalità attraverso le quali questi artefatti esprimono una specifica politica degli affetti (politics of affects) attraverso l’identificazione dei migranti italiani o peruviani con le identità nazionali costruite durante il XIX e XX secolo.

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
© 2018 Association for the Study of Modern Italy 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Ambrosetti, E. and Strangio, D.. 2015. Italiani in movimento: ripensare l’emigrazione italiana in Argentina. Rome: Edizioni Nuova Cultura.Google Scholar
Arnold, W. V. 1998. The Illusion of Victory: Fascist Propaganda and the Second World War. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Baldi, S. and Cagiano de Azevedo, R.. 2005. La populazione italiana: storia demografica dal dopoguerra ad oggi. 3rd edn. Bologna: Il Mulino.Google Scholar
Ciccarelli, O. A. 1988. ‘Fascist Propaganda and the Italian Community in Peru during the Benavides Regime, 1933–39’. Journal of Latin American Studies, 20 (2) (November): 361388.Google Scholar
Eatwell, R. 2001. ‘Universal Fascism? Approaches and Definitions’. In Fascism Outside Europe: the European Impulse against Domestic Conditions in the Diffusion of Global Fascism, 1546. Boulder Social Science Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Gentile, E. 2001. ‘I Fasci Italiani All’Estero. The “Foreign Policy” of the fascist party’. In Fascism Outside Europe: the European Impulse against Domestic Conditions in the Diffusion of Global Fascism, 95115. Boulder Social Science Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Kerr, P. and Wiseman, G.. 2013. Diplomacy in a Globalizing World: Theories and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Molinari Morales, T. 2006. El fascismo en el Perú: la Unión Revolucionaria 1931–1936. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Fondo Editorial de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales.Google Scholar
Potter, E. 2009. Branding Canada: Projecting Canada’s Soft Power through Public Diplomacy. Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Romana Gens ne la Terra de ‘Los Incas’ (1934–1941) Lima. Two reels at the University of Austin, Texas.Google Scholar
Sánchez Aguilar, Al. 2012. Perfil migratorio del Perú 2012. Lima: Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM).Google Scholar
Svensson, G. 2001. ‘“Glocalization” of business activities: a “glocal strategy” approach’. Management Decision 3 (1): 618.Google Scholar
True, J. 2006. ‘Globalisation and Identity’. In Globalisation and Identity, edited by R. Miller, 7374. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zapata, A. 2016. Pensando a la derecha: historia intelectual y política. Lima: Planeta.Google Scholar

Online sources

‘Asociaciones de Peruanos en Italia’, Ministerio de Trabajo y Promoción del Empleo.http://www.trabajo.gob.pe/migrante/pdf/Asociaciones_Peruanos_Italia.pdf (accessed 30 June 2017).Google Scholar
Cabanillas, C. 2013. ‘Los Hombres de Negro’. Caretas 2292 (18 July). http://www2.caretas.pe/Main.asp?T=3082&id=12&idE=1110&idA=64424#.WMLbsTsrLIU (accessed 25 June 2017).Google Scholar
‘Italia y Perú: oportunidades comerciales’. 2 March 2011. Cámara de Comercio Italiana del Perú. http://www.prompex.gob.pe/Miercoles/Portal/MME/descargar.aspx?archivo=E5C0B309-1C37-443B-AD9D-57D2E2A45387.PDF (accessed 10 July 2017).Google Scholar
‘Los peruanos en Italia son 109 mil, en su mayoría mujeres y residentes en el norte’, Latinos Piemonte (1 March 2014). http://web.archive.org/web/20141207034711/http://www.latinospiemonte.it/itali/los-peruanos-en-italia-son-109-mil-en-su-mayoria-mujeres-y-residentes-en-el-norte.php (accessed 27 May 2017).Google Scholar
‘Marca Perú en Loreto, Italia’. 2012. Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYcGSiHf6JE (accessed 15 July 2017).Google Scholar
‘Acuerdo Comercial entre Perú y la Unión Europea’, Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo. http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=50&Itemid=73 (accessed 10 July 2017).Google Scholar
Marca Perú. https://peru.info/es-pe/marca-peru (accessed 10 July 2017).Google Scholar
Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo. http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/ (accessed 10 July 2017).Google Scholar
Peruanos en Italia. https://peru.info/es-pe/marca-peru (accessed 15 June 2017).Google Scholar
‘Peruanos en Italia ven con optimismo la exención de la visa Schengen’, RPP Noticias (29 April 2014). http://rpp.pe/lima/actualidad/peruanos-en-italia-ven-con-optimismo-la-exencion-de-la-visa-schengen-noticia-688042 (accessed 10 June 2017).Google Scholar
‘Peruviani in Italia’, Comuni Italiani. http://www.comuni-italiani.it/statistiche/stranieri/pe.html (accessed 1 June 2017).Google Scholar
‘Inmigración Italiana en el Perú’, Sucedió en el Perú (22 October 2014). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBNI--NwX7w (accessed 28 June 2017).Google Scholar