Over the past few years, x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) have demonstrated the possibility for probing materials with femtosecond time resolution and Angstrom spatial sensitivity. Here, we review a novel development of Fourier transform inelastic x-ray scattering (FT-IXS), which exploits the ultrafast pulses from an FEL to capture frozen snapshots of the lattice vibrations at multiple length scales simultaneously, as they oscillate when excited by a short laser pulse. This article includes an overview of the principle behind this method and a review of recent work that uses this technique to access microscopic, wave vector-dependent information on how electrons couple to the lattice and to capture phonon–phonon scattering events in real time.

For more than a century, humankind has achieved refrigeration by exploiting volatile gases that harm the environment when released to the atmosphere. More recently, the observation of electrocaloric effects in commercial multilayer capacitors has inspired the possibility of environmentally friendly cooling. In this article, we describe electrocaloric effects in multilayer capacitors for cooling applications, compare the electrocaloric performance of existing multilayer capacitors, and discuss the improvements required for practical cooling devices.

The magnetic properties of a magnetic material can be modified by elastic deformation—termed the magnetoelastic effect. This effect is considered an alternative approach to magnetic fields for the low-power control of magnetization states of nanostructures since it avoids charge currents that create heat dissipation. This article describes the effects of dynamic strain accompanying a surface acoustic wave on magnetic nano-elements. We use a technique based on stroboscopic x-ray microscopy to simultaneously image the evolution of both strain and magnetization at the nanometer length and picosecond time scales. The study shows that there is a delayed response of the magnetization to dynamic strain, adjustable by the magnetic properties of the material. The presented analysis provides insights into dynamic magnetoelastic coupling in nanostructures with implications for the design of strain-controlled nanodevices.

The human body is a challenging platform for energy harvesting. For thermoelectrics, the small temperature differences between the skin and air necessitate materials with low thermal conductivities in order to maintain useful output powers. For kinetic harvesting, human motion is not strongly tonal, the frequencies are very low, and the accelerations are modest. Kinetic harvesting can be split into two categories—inertial, in which human motion excites an inertial mass–the motion of which is transduced to electricity, and clothing integrated, in which the harvesting material is integrated with a garment or other flexible wearable system. In the first case, key issues are the electromechanical dynamics of the system and materials with improved electromechanical transduction figures of merit. In the second case, materials that provide flexibility, stretchability, and comfort are of primary importance.

The heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) head–disk interface is a unique operating environment that combines nanoscale spacings, high shear rates, high-temperature gradients, and high optical fluxes in a mass-produced device. One of the greatest challenges is to develop materials for the head–disk interface that enable the required head–media spacing while also providing reliability. Traditional head–disk interface materials, engineered and optimized for conventional magnetic recording hard-disk drives, are challenged to provide the needed performance at the high temperatures that HAMR involves. We review some of the primary materials used in conventional magnetic recording, how high temperatures challenge their performance, and some of the current understanding and strategies to develop a reliable HAMR head–disk interface.

Nanoporous metals obtained by dealloying have attracted significant attention for their unusual catalytic properties, and as model materials for fundamental studies of structure–property relationships in a variety of research areas. There has been a recent surge in the use of these metals for biomedical and bioanalytical applications, where many exciting opportunities exist. The goal of this article is to provide a review of recent progress in using nanoporous metals for biological applications, including as biosensors for detecting biomarkers of disease and multifunctional neural interfaces for monitoring and modulating the activity of neural tissue. The article emphasizes the unique properties of nanoporous gold and concludes by discussing its utility in addressing important challenges in biomedical devices.

Solid-state batteries are promising candidates for energy storage due to their potential advantages in safety, working temperature range, and energy density compared to traditional liquid-electrolyte-based batteries. Rational battery architecture design and a scalable fabrication approach are critical to realize solid-state batteries. In this article, we present the architecture, fabrication procedure, and related challenges of sulfide and oxide electrolyte-based solid-state batteries. Approaches toward intimate solid−solid contact, thin solid-electrolyte fabrication, and scale-up production are discussed. Finally, we discuss the future research directions of solid-state batteries.

Data-centric approaches have become increasingly popular in materials science, also known as informational materials science. Nanostructures often play essential roles in materials properties. Nanoinformatics is an important subset of informational materials science and a powerful tool for characterization and design of nanostructures. It allows discovery of meaningful and useful information and patterns from experimental and theoretical data and databases. This article reviews progress in nanoinformatics and informational materials science. Data-centric approaches for materials property description, construction of interatomic potentials, discovery of new inorganic compounds, efficient characterization of ionic transport and interfacial structures, hyperspectral image data analysis, and design of catalytic nanoparticles are outlined.

The focus on piezoelectric ceramics based on the potassium sodium niobate system began in 2004. After years of dedicated research, these materials can be considered one of the most promising lead-free piezoceramics with comprehensive performance. While their structure–property relationships are still not completely understood, the thermal stability issue is partly resolved, which leaves further room for phase-boundary engineering. Technological advancement has recently focused on using base metals as inner electrodes for multilayer actuators, which provides cost benefits as compared to lead zirconate titanate devices. The remaining challenges, however, such as poor sinterability and weak reproducibility of functional properties, still hinder extensive applications of these materials.

Resistance switching random-access memory (ReRAM), with the ability to repeatedly modulate electrical resistance, has been highlighted as a feasible high-density memory with the potential to replace negative-AND flash memory. Such resistance modulation usually involves ion migration and filament formation, which usually lead to relatively low device reliability and yield. Resistance switching can also come from an entirely electronic origin, as in nanometallic memory, by electron trapping and detrapping. Recent research has revealed additional merits of its mechanism, which entails smart, atomic-sized floating gates that can be easily engineered in amorphous Si, oxides, and nitrides. This article addresses the basic ideas of nanometallic ReRAM, which may also be a contender for analogue computing and non-von Neumann-type computation.

Optoelectronic nanoscale devices have wide applications in chemical, biological, and medical technologies. Improving the performance efficiency of these devices remains a challenge. Performance is mainly dictated by the structure and characteristics of the semiconductor materials. Once a nanodevice is fabricated, its efficiency is determined. The key to improving efficiency is to control the interfaces in the device. In this article, we describe how the piezo-phototronic effect can be effectively utilized to modulate the band at the interface of a metal/semiconductor contact or a p–n junction to enhance the external efficiency of many optoelectronic nanoscale devices such as photodetectors, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The piezo-phototronic effect can be highly effective at enhancing the efficiency of energy conversion in today’s green and renewable energy technology without using the sophisticated nanofabrication procedures that have high cost and complexity.

Lorentz reciprocity governs the symmetry with which electromagnetic signals travel in space and time. A reciprocal channel supports signal transport in two directions with the same transmission properties. Nonreciprocal devices do not obey this general symmetry, and therefore enable isolation and circulation, offering fundamental functionalities in modern GHz-to-THz photonic systems. While most nonreciprocal devices to date are based on magneto-optical phenomena, significant interest has been raised by approaches that avoid the use of magnetic materials, instead relying on artificial materials and circuits that mimic magnetically biased ferrites, enabling compact, light, integrated, and significantly cheaper nonreciprocal devices. Here, we review recent progress in and opportunities offered by artificial nonmagnetic materials that break reciprocity, revealing their potential for compact nonreciprocal devices and systems.

Multicaloric materials show thermal changes that can be driven simultaneously or sequentially by more than one type of external field. The use of more than one driving field can induce larger thermal changes, with smaller field magnitudes, over wider ranges of operating temperature, and can also eliminate hysteresis in one control parameter by transferring it to another. The thermodynamics behind multicaloric effects is well established, but only a small number of multicaloric materials have been experimentally studied to date. Here, we describe the fundamentals of multicaloric effects and discuss the performance of representative multicaloric materials. Exploiting multicaloric effects could aid the future development of cooling devices, where key challenges include energy efficiency and the span of the operating temperature.

This article reviews materials developed to enable energy harvesting from textiles. It includes energy harvesting from mechanical, thermal, and light sources, and covers materials employed into yarns that can be woven into the textile and films that are deposited onto the surface of the textile. The textile places challenging constraints on the materials, for example, by limiting processing temperatures to typically less than 150°C and presenting a rough, inconsistent surface profile. Example materials include a screen-printable low-temperature composite lead zirconate titanate polymer film and poly(vinylidene fluoride) polymer fibers, both of which have been shown to harvest mechanical energy from textiles. Thermoelectric solutions demonstrated thus far are limited and challenging to implement within a textile. Photovoltaic solutions include organic and dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated into functionalized yarns and as films spray-coated onto textiles. While numerous suitable example materials and textile devices have been demonstrated, work is still needed to develop these into practical energy-harvesting solutions.

Synthetic photonic materials created by engineering the profile of refractive index or gain/loss distribution, such as negative-index metamaterials or parity-time-symmetric structures, can exhibit electric and magnetic properties that cannot be found in natural materials, allowing for photonic devices with unprecedented functionalities. In this article, we discuss two directions along this line—non-Hermitian photonics and topological photonics—and their applications in nonreciprocal light transport when nonlinearities are introduced. Both types of synthetic structures have been demonstrated in systems involving judicious arrangement of optical elements, such as optical waveguides and resonators. They can exhibit a transition between different phases by adjusting certain parameters, such as the distribution of refractive index, loss, or gain. The unique features of such synthetic structures help realize nonreciprocal optical devices with high contrast, low operation threshold, and broad bandwidth. They provide promising opportunities to realize nonreciprocal structures for wave transport.

The flow of heat in materials is generally perceived to be a slow process and, therefore, pump-probe techniques originally developed for ultrafast time-resolved optical spectroscopy are not an obvious source of technologies for advances in thermal-property measurements. Nevertheless, over the past 18 years, the work of approximately 30 dedicated students and postdoctoral researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has developed time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) into a nearly universal, high-throughput tool for measuring the thermal conductivity of materials and the thermal conductance of materials interfaces. This article illustrates the utility of TDTR and surveys current topics in the science of heat conduction in materials with recent examples drawn from high-thermal-conductivity crystals of cubic boron phosphide and boron arsenide, structure–property relationships for thermal conductivity of amorphous polymers, and thermal conductivity switching in liquid-crystal networks.

The near-exponential expansion in computing resources over the last few decades has enabled a rapid increase in the capabilities of computational science, including applications to materials research. In order to harness the available resources and accelerate the field of materials design, it is critically important to develop robust and reusable automation software for preparing and performing multistep computational workflows, starting with crystal structures and ending with material properties. In the domain of first-principles calculations of crystalline materials, we highlight emerging tools for automated symmetry analysis of the atomic and electronic structure. With automation capabilities in hand, the ever-increasing amount of data also becomes a serious bottleneck in terms of organization, analysis, and reproducibility. We describe some of the progress and strategic challenges in the development of a general infrastructure for coupling computational automation with data management, emphasizing data reproducibility and provenance capture.

Since the first report in 2012 of a solid-state perovskite solar cell (PSC) with a power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.7% and 500 h stability, research on perovskite photovoltaics has unprecedentedly and exponentially increased. Currently, certified PCE for perovskite solar cells tops 22.7%, which surpasses the PCEs of conventional thin-film solar cells. Perovskite solar cells are thus a disruptive technology in photovoltaics due to their low cost and superb performance. In this article, the emergence of PSCs is introduced, and an overview of progress in our laboratory is presented. In addition, future research directions that could lead to higher efficiencies are described. Beyond photovoltaic applications of halide perovskites, results for light-emitting diodes, resistive memories, and x-ray imaging are described.

High-density storage technology beyond hard disk drives and flash memory is required. Efforts are underway to develop new high-density storage technology based on scanning probe-based data storage. One of the candidates for scanning probe-type storage is thermomechanical data storage (also known as millipede, developed by IBM Zürich), and another is ferroelectric data storage. In this article, probe data-storage technologies are overviewed. Thermomechanical data storage and ferroelectric data storage are described in detail for next-generation high-density data-storage technology based on scanning probe microscopy. Ferroelectric data storage and scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy-based and field-effect transistor-type probe-based probe data storage are also described.