Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T23:50:38.107Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Combinatorial Fabrication and Screening of Organic Light-Emitting Device Arrays

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2011

Joseph Shinar
Affiliation:
shinar@ameslab.gov, Iowa State University, Room 12 Physics Bldg, Ames, IA, 50011, United States
Ruth Shinar
Affiliation:
rshinar@iastate.edu
Get access

Abstract

Studies of combinatorial fabrication and screening of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are reviewed. These studies include screening of luminescent materials, electron and hole transport layers, lower-gap emitting guest dopants in small molecular emitters, and electronically doped polymeric anodes. The review focuses on screening of 2-dimensional (2-d) small molecular UV/violet arrays, 1-d blue-to-red arrays, and 1-d intense white OLED libraries, and briefly describes arrays fabricated to study Förster energy transfer in guest-host OLEDs. It demonstrates that combinatorial fabrication of OLEDs has become a powerful tool for screening OLED materials and configurations, and for studying their basic properties.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Sun, T. X., Biotechnology and Bioengineering (Combinatorial Chemistry) 61, 193 (1999).Google Scholar
2. Schmitz, C., Thelakkat, M., and Schmidt, H.-W., Adv. Mat. 11, 821 (1999).Google Scholar
3. Schmitz, C., Pösch, P., Thelakkat, M., and Schmidt, H-W., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1, 1777 (1999).Google Scholar
4. Gross, M., Muller, D. C., Nothofer, H-G., Scherf, U., Neher, D., Brauchle, C., and Meerholz, K., Nature 405, 661 (2000).Google Scholar
5. Zou, L., Savvate'ev, V., Booher, J., Kim, C.-H., and Shinar, J., Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 2282 (2001).Google Scholar
6. Sun, X. and Jabbour, G. E., Mat. Res. Soc. Bull. 27, 309 (2002).Google Scholar
7. Cheon, K. O. and Shinar, J., Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2073 (2003).Google Scholar
8. Li, G. and Shinar, J., Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 5359 (2003).Google Scholar
9. Cheon, K. O. and Shinar, J., Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1201 (2004).Google Scholar
10. Thelakkat, M. et al. , Macromol. Rapid. Comm. 25, 204 (2004)Google Scholar
11. Zhou, Z., Shinar, R., Wu, H. S., and Shinar, J., unpublished results.Google Scholar
12. Shinar, J., Editor, Organic Light Emitting Devices: A Survey, Springer Verlag, NY, 2003.Google Scholar
13. Howard, W. E., Sci. Amer., Feb. 2004, p. 76.Google Scholar
14. Wang, J., Yoo, Y., Gao, C., Takeuchi, I., Sun, X., Chang, H., Xiang, X.-D., and Schultz, P. G., Science 279, 1712 (1998).Google Scholar
15. Danielson, E. et al. , Science 279, 837 (1998).Google Scholar
16. Xiang, X.-D., Sun, X., Briceno, G., Lou, Y., Wang, K.-A., Chang, H., Wallace-Freedman, W. G., Chen, S.-W., and Schultz, P. G., Science 268, 1738 (1995).Google Scholar
17. Briceno, G., Chang, H., Sun, X., Schultz, P. G., and Xiang, X.-D., Science 270, 273 (1995).Google Scholar
18. Danielson, E., Golden, J. H., McFarland, E. W., Reaves, C. M., Weinberg, W. H., and Wu, X. D., Nature 389, 944 (1997).Google Scholar
19. Sun, X.-D., Wang, K.-A., Yoo, Y., Wallace-Freedman, W. G., Cao, C., Xiang, X.-D., and Schultz, P., Adv. Mater. 9, 1046 (1998)Google Scholar
20. Lowry, M. S., Hudson, W. R., Pascal, R. A. Jr, and Bernhard, S., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 14129 (2004).Google Scholar
21. Pohl, R., Montes, V. A., Shinar, J., Azenbacher, P., J. Org. Chem. 69, 1723 (2004); V. A. Montes, G. Li, R. Pohl, J. Shinar, and P. Anzenbacher, Jr., Adv. Mat. 16, 2001 (2004).Google Scholar
22. Riess, W., Beierlein, T. A., and Riel, H., Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 201, 1360 (2004).Google Scholar
23. Hung, L. S., Tang, C. W., and Mason, M. G., Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 152 (1997).Google Scholar
24. Forsythe, E. W. et al. , J. Vac. Sci. Tech. A 18, 1869 (2000).Google Scholar
25. Becker, H., Burns, S. E., and Friend, R. H., Phys. Rev. B 56, 1893 (1997).Google Scholar
26. Bulović, V., Shoustikov, A., Baldo, M. A., Bose, E., Kozlov, V. G., Thompson, M. E., and Forrest, S. R., Chem. Phys. Lett. 287, 455 (1998).Google Scholar
27. Duggal, A. R., Shiang, J. J., Heller, C. M., and Foust, D. F., Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3470 (2002).Google Scholar
28. Baldo, M. A., Soos, Z. G., and Forrest, S. R., Chem. Phys. Lett. 347, 297 (2001).Google Scholar
29. Zhong, G. Y., He, J., Zhang, S. T., Xu, Z., Xiong, Z. H., Shi, H. Z., Ding, X. M., Huang, W., and Hou, X. Y., Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 4846 (2002).Google Scholar
30. Cheon, K. O. and Shinar, J., Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1738 (2002).Google Scholar
31. Kalinowski, J. et al. , J. Appl. Phys. 83, 4242 (1998).Google Scholar
32. Pope, M. and Swenberg, C. E., Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals, 2nd Edition (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999).Google Scholar
33. von Malm, N., Steiger, J., Schmechel, R., and von Seggern, H., J. Appl. Phys. 89, 5559 (2001).Google Scholar
34. Savvate'ev, V., Chen-Esterlit, Z., Aylott, J. W., Choudhury, B., Kim, C.-H., Zou, L., Friedl, J. H., Shinar, R., Shinar, J., and Kopelman, R., Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 4652 (2002).Google Scholar
35. Choudhury, B., Shinar, R., and Shinar, J., J. Appl. Phys. 96, 2949 (2004).Google Scholar
36. Deshpande, R. S., Bulovic, V., and Forrest, S. R., Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 888 (1999).Google Scholar
37. Chuen, C. H. and Tao, Y. T., Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 4499 (2002).Google Scholar
38. D'Andrade, B., Thompson, M. E., and Forrest, S. R., Adv. Mat. 14, 147 (2002).Google Scholar
39. Tang, C. W., Van Slyke, S. A., and Chen, C. H., J. Appl. Phys. 65, 3610 (1989).Google Scholar
40. D'Andrade, B. W., Baldo, M. A., Adachi, C., Brooks, J., Thompson, M. E., and Forrest, S. R., Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1045 (2001).Google Scholar
41. Hamada, Y. et al. , Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 1682 (1999).Google Scholar
42. Kersting, R., Lemmer, U., Deussen, M., Bakker, H. J., Mahrt, R. F., Kurz, H., Arkhipov, V. I., Bässler, H., Göbel, E. O., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1440 (1994).Google Scholar