Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:53:45.127Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Electronic media and popular discourse on Russian nationalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Yulia Mikhailova*
Affiliation:
Department of History, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
*

Abstract

This article analyzes electronic letters to the editor on the coverage of the riot in Kondopoga (2006) and the bombings in the Moscow subway (2010). Letters to electronic media are used for the first time as a source for popular opinion on nationalism and ethnic conflicts in Russia. The first argument of this study is methodological: a comparison between the polls and the letters suggests that letters to electronic media represent public opinion on nationalism even though Internet users still constitute a minority of Russian citizens. This study also claims that the letters under examination indicate a move from extreme nationalism to so called “banal nationalism,” the term coined by Michael Billig, during the period between 2006 and 2010. Finally, the article argues that the concept of the civic nation is not yet well understood or accepted by Russian citizens. Although this concept, expressed in Russian by the newly coined word rossiane, became somewhat more popular in 2010 than it had been in 2006, the ethnic understanding of Russian still prevails. The basis for the new identity rossiane, as it is presented in the letters, lacks common memories, myths and traditions that would resonate strongly in popular imagination.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2011 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. London: Verso, 1983. Print.Google Scholar
Arutunyan, Anna. The Media in Russia. Berkhire, UK: Open UP, 2009. Print.Google Scholar
Badia, Tatiana. “Kak povysit svoiu konkurentnost.” Gazeta.ru 12 Dec. 2007. Web. 15 March 2010.Google Scholar
Barbashin, Maxim. “Informal Power Structures in Russia and Ethno-Political Conflict in the Northern Caucasus.” Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet Disorder. Ed. Gammer, Moshe. London: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar
Berseneva, Anastasia. “Kommentarii: Smertnits opoiasali v Khamovnikakh.” Gazeta.ru. 2 Apr. 2010. Web. 5 Apr. 2010.Google Scholar
Berseneva, Anastasia. “Smertnits opoiasali v Khamovnikakh.” Gazeta.ru. 2 Apr. 2010. Web. 5 Apr. 2010. <http://www.Gazeta.ru.ru/social/2010/04/02/3346853.shtml?lj2>..>Google Scholar
Billig, Michael. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage Publications, 1995. Print.Google Scholar
Billington, James H. Russia in Search of Itself. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center P, 2004. Print.Google Scholar
Blom, Ida. “Gender and Nation in International Comparison,” Blom, Hagemann and Hall, Gendered Nations, 3-27. Print.Google Scholar
Blom, Ida, Hagemann, Karen, and Hall, Catherine, eds. Gendered Nations: Nationalism and Gendered Order in the Long Nineteenth Century. New York: Berg, 2000. Print.Google Scholar
Bocharova, Svetlana, and Sumskoi, Victor. “Kommentarii: Vozmezdie za cheremshu.” Gazeta.ru 31 March 2010. Web. 2 Apr. 2010. <http://Gazeta.ru.ru/politics/2010/03/31_a_3345712.shtmllj2&subject=3344254>..>Google Scholar
Bocharova, Svetlana. “Vozmezdie za cheremshu.” Gazeta.ru. 31 March 2010. Web. 2 Apr. 2010.Google Scholar
Boiko, Aleksandr. “Obsuzhdenie: Shakhidki, vzorvavshie Moskovskoe metro dumali, chto Allakh pritashchit ikh v rai za ushi.” Komsomolskaia Pravda. 2 Apr. 2010. Web. 2 Apr. 2010. <http://kp.ru/daily/forum/article/626599/1/>..>Google Scholar
Boiko, Aleksandr. “Shakhidki, vzorvavshie Moskovskoe metro dumali, chto Allakh pritashchit ikh v rai za ushi.” Komsomolskaia Pravda. 2 Apr. 2010. Web. 2 Apr. 2010. <http://kp.ru/daily/24466/626599/>..>Google Scholar
Breuilly, John. “Nationalism and Making of National Pasts.” Carvalho and Gemenne, Nations and their Histories, 7-28. Print.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1992. Print.Google Scholar
Carvalho, Susana, and Gemenne, François, eds. Nations and their Histories: Constructions and Representations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 728. Print.Google Scholar
Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Aberdeen. Russia Votes: National Issues, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2010. <http://www.russiavotes.org/national_issues/national_issues_society.php#485>..>Google Scholar
Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Aberdeen. Russia Votes: Racism and Xenophobia in Russia, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2010. <http://www.russiavotes.org/national_issues/racism.php>..>Google Scholar
Cheterian, Vicken. War and Peace in the Caucasus: Ethnic Conflict and New Geopolitics. New York: Columbia UP, 2008. Print.Google Scholar
Connor, Walker. “Homelands in a World of States.” Guibernau and Hutchinson, Understanding Nationalism, 53-73. Print.Google Scholar
Cornell, Swante. “Autonomy as a Source of Conflict, Caucasus Conflicts in Theoretical Perspective.” World Politics 54 (2002): 254–76. Print.Google Scholar
“Gazeta.ru. priznana luchshim SMI Rossii v oblasti delovoi zhurnalistiki.” Gazeta.ru. 15 Apr. 2010. Web. 30 Apr. 2010.Google Scholar
Gerber, Theodore P., and Mendelson, Sarah E., “Casualty Sensitivity in a Post-Soviet Context: Russian Views of the Second Chechen War, 2001-2004.” Political Science Quarterly 123 (2008): 3968. Print.Google Scholar
Gildea, Robert. “Eternal France: Crisis and National Self-Perception in France, 1870-2005.” Carvalho and Gemenne, Nations and their Histories, 39-56. Print.Google Scholar
Gilroy, Paul. “One Nation under a Groove: The Cultural Politics of ‘Race’ and Racism in Britain.” Becoming National. Eds. Eley, Geoff and Grigor Suny, Ronald. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. 352–70. Print.Google Scholar
Guibernau, Montserrat, and Hutchinson, John, eds. Understanding Nationalism. Cambridge: Polity, 2001. 5373. Print.Google Scholar
Hagemann, Karen. “A Valorous Volk Family: the Nation, the Military, and the Gender Order in Prussia in the Time of the Anti-Napoleonic Wars, 1806-15.” Blom, Hagemann and Hall, Genderd Nations, 179-206. Print.Google Scholar
Herbst, Susan. Numbered Voices: How Opinion Polling Has Shaped American Politics. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1993. Print.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric J.Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870-1914.” The Invention of Tradition. Eds. Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995. 263308. Print.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric J. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990. Print.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Shale. “Explaining Post-Soviet Ethnic Conflicts: Using Regime Type to Discern the Impact and Relative Importance of Objective Antecedents.” Nationalities Papers 29 (2001): 641–42. Print.Google Scholar
Hull, Kathleen E.The Political Limits of the Rights Frame: The Case of Same-Sex Marriage in Hawaii.” Sociological Perspectives 44 (2001): 207–32. Print.Google Scholar
Ibragimov, M.M. and Khatuev, I.Z.Osveschenie chechenskoi tematiki v rossiiskikh elektronnykh SMI.” Chechenskaia respublika i chechentsy: istoria i sovremennost: materialy Vserossiiskoi nauchnoi konferentsii, Moskva, 19-20 aprelia 2005 goda. Eds. Ibragimov, Kh. I. and Tishkov, V. A. Moscow: Nauka, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Inkeles, Alex and Geiger, Kent. “Critical Letters to the Editors of the Soviet Press: Areas and Modes of Complaint.” American Sociological Review 17 (1952): 694703. Print.Google Scholar
Kinloch, Graham C.Changing Racial Attitudes in Zimbabwe: Colonial/Post-Colonial Dynamics.” Journal of Black Studies 34 (2003): 250–71. Print.Google Scholar
Knox, Zoe. “Russian Orthodoxy, Russian Nationalism, and Patriarch Alexii II.” Nationalities Papers 33 (2005): 533–45. Print.Google Scholar
Kozhevnikova, Galina. “Iazyk vrazhdy: posle Kondopogi. Analiz rezultatov monitoringa iazyka vrazhdy v rossiiskikh SMI (sentiabr-dekabr 2006).” 11 May 2007. Web. 12 Jan. 2011.Google Scholar
“Ksenofobia: Pisma chitatelei.” Gazeta.ru, n.d. Web. 15 March 2010. <http://Gazeta.ru.ru/social/kseno/letters/index.shtml#2090617>..>Google Scholar
Kurliandskii, Aleksandr. Pro popugaia Keshu i drugii istorii. Moscow: Eksmo, 2009. Print.Google Scholar
Laruelle, Marlene. “Nuzhen li Rossii Kavkaz.” Gazeta.ru. 21 May 2010. Web. 25 May 2010. <http://www.gazeta.ru/column/latynina/3371200.shtml>..>Google Scholar
Laruelle, Marlene. 2004. “The Two Faces of Contemporary Eurasionism: An Imperial Version of Russian Nationalism.” Nationalities Papers 32 (2004): 115–36. Print.Google Scholar
Latynina, Iulia. “Kommentarii: Nuzhen li Rossii Kavkaz.” Gazeta.ru. 21 May 2010. Web. 25 May 2010. <http://www.Gazeta.ru.ru/column/latynina/3371200.shtml?lj2#comments>..>Google Scholar
Levada-Center. Rossia dlia russkikh ili dlia vsekh? 7 Dec. 2009. Web. 12 Apr. 2010. <http://www.levada.ru/press/2009120702.html>..>Google Scholar
Levada-Center. Rossiane o vzryvakh v moskovskom metro. 26 Apr. 2010. Web. 30 June 2010. <http://www.levada.ru/press/2010042604.html>..>Google Scholar
Levada-Center. Sotsialno-politicheskaia situatsia v Rossii v sentiabre 2006 goda. 3 Oct. 2006. Web. 12 Apr. 2010. <http://www.levada.ru/press/2006100301.html>..>Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. “Explaining Murderous Ethnic Cleansing: The Macro-Level.” Guibernau and Hutchinson, Understanding Nationalism, 207-41. Print.Google Scholar
Medvedev, Dmitrii. “Rossia, vpered!” Gazeta.ru. 10 Sept. 2009. Web. 30 Apr. 2010.Google Scholar
Nowak, Barbara J.Keeping It Better in the Bahamas: A Nation's Socioeconomic Response to Juvenile Crime.” Journal of Black Studies 31 (2001): 483–93. Print.Google Scholar
“O realizatsii regionalnoi tselevoi programmy ‘Garmonizatsia natsionalnykh and konfessionalnykh otnoshenii, formirovanie grazhdanskogo soglasia v Respublike Karelia na 2007-2011 gody’ ('Karelia-territoria soglasia') v 2009 godu.” Karelia ofitsialnaia: ofitsialnyi portal organov gosudarstvennoi vlasti respubliki Karelia. 26 March 2010. Web. 01. Jan. 2011. <http://www.gov.karelia.ru/Power/Committee/National/l00326.html>..>Google Scholar
“Ob izdanii.” KP. Web. 1 Apr. 2010. <http://advert.kp.ru/kp/2/81>..>Google Scholar
Pain, Emil. “Xenophobia and Ethnopolitical Extremism in Post-Soviet Russia: Dynamics and Growth Factors.” Nationalities Papers 35 (2007): 895911. Print.Google Scholar
“Portret auditorii.” Gazeta.ru. n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2010. <http://Gazeta.ru.ru/adbook/13822.shtml>..>Google Scholar
“Pravila ispolzovaniia.” Gazeta.ru. n.d. Web. 24. May 2010. <http://Gazeta.ru.ru/livejournal_manual.shtml>..>Google Scholar
“Programma garmonizatsii mezhetnicheskikh i mezhkulturnykh otnoshenii, profilaktiki proiavlenii ksenofobii, ukreplenia tolerantnosti v Sank-Peterburge na 2006-2010 gody (Programma ‘Tolerantnost').” Pravitelstvo Sankt-Peterburga. 20 Dec. 2010. Web. 1 Feb. 2011. <http://gov.spb.ru/law?d&nd=8434717&prevDoc=891814192&mark=0O7SM7C1KJ7HU42PD2SQ900000043OPlVCR17QGQ0P15732U01ENEGA9>..>Google Scholar
Service, Robert. Russia: Experiment with a People. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
Sigelman, Lee, and Walkosz, Barbara J.Letters to the Editor as a Public Opinion Thermometer: The Martin Luther King Holiday Vote in Arizona.” Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 938–46. Print.Google Scholar
Slezkin, Yuri. “The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism.” Becoming National. Eds. Eley, Geoff and Grigor Suny, Ronald. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. 203–38. Print.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony. Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995. Print.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony. The Nation in History. Hanover, NH: UP of New England, 2000. Print.Google Scholar
Sokolov, V.M.Tolerantnost: sostoianie i tendentsii.” Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia 8 (2003): 5463. Print.Google Scholar
Sokovnia, Irina. “Novaia podruzhka.” Murzilka 7 (2010), 1617.Google Scholar
Sova, Informatsionno-analiticheskii tsentr. “Kavkazskie pogromy v Kondopoge.” 2 Sent. 2006. Web. 12 Jan. 2011. <http://www.sova-center.ru/racism-xenophobia/news/racism-nationalism/2006/09/d8964/>..>Google Scholar
Sova, Informatsionno-analiticheskii tsentr. “'Komsomolskaia pravda’ otkryto reklamiruet pravoradikalov.” 13 Sent. 2006. Web 11 Jan. 2011. <http://www.sova-center.ru/racism-xenophobia/news/racism-nationalism/2006/09/d9056/>..>Google Scholar
Steshin, Dmitrii. “Obsuzhdenie: V Karelii nachalis kavkazskie pogromy.” Komsomolskaia Pravda. 4 Sent. 2006. Web. 3 March 2010. <http://kp.ru/daily/forum/article/56946/1/>..>Google Scholar
Steshin, Dmitrii. “V Karelii nachalis kavkazskie pogromy.” Komsomolskaia Pravda. 4 Sent. 2006. Web. 3 March 2010.Google Scholar
Suprycheva, Elena. “Musulmane boiatsia vykhodit na ulitsy Moskvy.” Komsomolskaia Pravda. 2 Apr. 2010. Web. 2 Apr. 2010.Google Scholar
Suprycheva, Elena. “Obsuzhdenie: Musulmane boiatsia vykhodit na ulitsy Moskvy.” Komsomolskaia Pravda. 2 Apr. 2010. Web. 2 Apr. 2010. <http://kp.ru/daily/forum/article/626570/1/>..>Google Scholar
Tishkov, Valery and Brill Olcott, Martha. “From Ethnoc to Demos: The Quest for Russia's Identity.” Russia after Communism. Eds. Aslund, Anders and Brill Olcott, Martha. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999. 6190. Print.Google Scholar
“Trening v Permi 5–6 oktiabria 2006 goda ‘Tolerantnost kak aspekt formirovania molodezhnoi sredy'.” Center for Interethnic Cooperation. 30 Sent. 2009. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. <http://www.interethnic.org/en/news-of-the-center/trening-v-permi-5-6-oktyabrya-2006-goda-tolerantnost-kak-aspekt-formirovaniya-molodezhnoy-sredyi.html>..>Google Scholar
Verkhovsky, Alexandr. “The Role of the Russian Orthodox Church in Nationalist, Xenophobic and Anti-Western Tendencies in Russia Today: Not Nationalism but Fundamentalism.” Religion, State and Society 30 (2002): 333–45. Print.Google Scholar
Vorsobin, Vladimir, and Kaftan, Larisa. “Mozhet li karelskii bunt povtoritsia v Moskve?” Komsomolskaia Pravda. 5 Sent. 2006. Web. 25 March 2010.Google Scholar
Vorsobin, Vladimir, and Kaftan, Larisa. “Obsuzhdenie: Mozhet li karelskii bunt povtoritsia v Moskve?” Komsomolskaia Pravda. 5 Sent. 2006. Web. 25 March 2010. <http://kp.ru/daily/forum/article/56987//>..>Google Scholar
VTSIOM (Vserossiiskii Tsentr Izuchenia Obschestvennogo Mnenia). Press-vypusk 390. 7 Feb. 2006. Web. 12 Apr. 2010. <http://wciom.ru/arkhiv/tematicheskii-arkhiv/item/single/2274.html>..>Google Scholar
VTSIOM (Vserossiiskii Tsentr Izuchenia Obschestvennogo Mnenia). Press-vypusk 531. 13 Sent. 2006. Web. 12 Apr. 2010. <http://wciom.ru/arkhiv/tematicheskii-arkhiv/item/single/3204.html>..>Google Scholar
VTSIOM (Vserossiiskii Tsentr Izuchenia Obschestvennogo Mnenia). Press-vypusk 533. 15 Sent. 2006. Web. 12 Apr. 2010. <http://wciom.ru/arkhiv/tematicheskii-arkhiv/item/single/3217.html?no_cache=1&cHash=d56272b55b>..>Google Scholar
VTSIOM (Vserossiiskii Tsentr Izuchenia Obschestvennogo Mnenia). Press-vypusk 603. 21 Dec. 2006. Web. 12 Apr. 2010. <http://wciom.ru/arkhiv/tematicheskii-arkhiv/item/single/3772.html>..>Google Scholar
VTSIOM (Vserossiiskii Tsentr Izuchenia Obschestvennogo Mnenia). Press-vypusk 1282. 3 Aug. 2009. Web. 12 Apr. 2010. <http://wciom.ru/arkhiv/tematicheskii-arkhiv/item/single/12222.html?no_cache=1&cHash=cf9de28b84>..>Google Scholar
VTSIOM (Vserossiiskii Tsentr Izuchenia Obschestvennogo Mnenia). Press-vypusk 1498. 20 May 2010. Web. 25 May 2010. <http://wciom.ru/arkhiv/tematicheskii-arkhiv/item/single/13515.html?no_cache=1&cHash=3a09c9a3bb>..>Google Scholar
“Vzorvat i otdelit.” Gazeta.ru. 31 March 2010. Web. 2 Apr. 2010. <http://www.Gazeta.ru.ru/comments/2010/03/31_e_3345614.shtml>..>Google Scholar
“Vzorvat i otdelit: Kommentarii.” Gazeta.ru. 31 March 2010. Web. 2 Apr. <http://www.Gazeta.ru.ru/comments/2010/03/31_e_3345614.shtml?lj2>..>Google Scholar
Warhola, James, and Lehning, Alex. “Political Order, Identity, and Security in Multinational, Multi-Religious Russia.” Nationalities Papers 35 (2007): 933–57. Print.Google Scholar
Wenk, Silke. “Gendered Representations of Nation's Past and Future.” Blom, Hagemann and Hall, Gendered Nations, 63-80. Print.Google Scholar