Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T08:41:06.635Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Europeanization and the Statehood Problem: The Cases of Croatia and Serbia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2020

Filip Milačić*
Affiliation:
Center for Advanced Studies of Southeastern Europe, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
*
*Corresponding author. Email: filip.milacic@yahoo.com

Abstract

Croatia and Serbia are two countries that started their paths toward the EU with similar conditions. Nevertheless, in 2018, the end of this study’s period, the two countries are characterized by different outcomes regarding European integration. This paper puts forward one key determinant for the more successful Europeanization process of Croatia—resolved statehood problem—and claims that the unresolved statehood problem in Serbia led to higher adoption costs of EU rules. Therefore, this article seeks to improve the theorization of the relationship between Europeanization and the statehood problem.

Type
Article
Copyright
© Association for the Study of Nationalities 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Agić, Jasmin. 2016. “HDZ brani Tuđman-Miloševićev plan o podjeli BiH.” Aljazeera Balkans, November 12. http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/hdz-brani-tudman-milosevicev-plan-o-podjeli-bih. (Accessed December 10, 2018.)Google Scholar
Bacheska, Elena. 2014. “The Good Neighborliness Condition in EU Enlargement.” Contemporary Southeastern Europe 1 (1): 92111.Google Scholar
Bačić, Ante 2003. “The Constitutional System of the Republic of Croatia.” In Between Authoritarianism and Democracy: Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Vol. 1- Institutional Framework, edited by Vujadinović, Dragica, Veljak, Lino, Goati, Vladimir, and Pavićević, Vladimir, 5372. Belgrade: Cedet.Google Scholar
Bassuener, Kurt and Weber, Bodo. 2013. “Not Yet a Done Deal: Kosovo and the Prishtina-Belgrade Agreement.” A Democratization Policy Council Policy Paper, November. https://www.ceas-serbia.org/images/2015-i-pre/DPC_Kosovo_Policy_Paper_November_2013.pdf. (Accessed January 27, 2018.)Google Scholar
Beach, Derek and Pedersen, Rasmus Brun. 2013. Process Tracing Methods. University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bieber, Florian. 2008. “Serbien zwischen Europa und Kosovo. Politische Entwicklungen seit der Unabhängigkeitserklärung.” Südosteuropa 3: 318335.Google Scholar
Bieber, Florian. 2011. “Building Impossible States? State-Building Strategies and EU Membership in the Western Balkans.” Europe-Asia Studies 63 (10): 17831802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blic. 2013. “Gradjani Srbije smatraju da je Kosovo fakticki nezavisno.” Blic, March 4. http://www.blic.rs/vesti/politika/istrazivanje-gradani-srbije-smatraju-da-je-kosovo-fakticki-nezavisno/53x5bgl. (Accessed April 7, 2017.)Google Scholar
Börzel, Tanja and Grimm, Sonja. 2018. “Building Good (Enough) Governance in Postconflict Societies & Areas of Limited Statehood: The European Union & the Western Balkans.” Daedalus 147 (1): 116127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Börzel, Tanja and Risse, Thomas. 2000. “When Europe Hits Home: Europeanization and Domestic Change.” European Integration Online Papers 4 (15): 120.Google Scholar
Börzel, Tanja and Risse, Thomas. 2003. “Conceptualizing the Domestic Impact of Europe.” In The Politics of Europeanization, edited by Featherstone, K. and Radaelli, C., 5780. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Börzel, Tanja and Risse, Thomas. 2012. “From Europeanization to Diffusion.” West European Politics 35 (1): 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Börzel, Tanja, Dimitrova, Antoaneta, and Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2017. “European Union Enlargement and Integration Capacity: Concepts, Findings, and Policy Implications.” Journal of European Public Policy 24 (2): 157176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Börzel, Tanja. 2011. “When Europe Hits … Beyond its Borders: Europeanization and the Near Abroad.” Comparative European Politics 9 (4/5): 394513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Börzel, Tanja. 2013. “When Europeanization Hits Limited Statehood: The Western Balkans as a Test Case for the Transformative Power of Europe.” In European Integration and Transformation of the Western Balkans: Europeanization or Business as Usual?, edited by Elbasani, A.,173185. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Burazer, Nikola. 2015. “Serbian EU Accession Negotiations: Nothing Unexpected in Chapter 35.” European Western Balkans, December 28. https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2015/12/28/serbian-eu-accession-negotiations-nothing-unexpected-in-chapter-35/. (Accessed June 7, 2017.)Google Scholar
CdM. 2015. “Dačić: Dok nijesmo uhapsili Mladića, Kosovo niko nije pominjao.” http://www.cdm.me/svijet/region/dacic-dok-nijesmo-uhapsili-mladica-kosovo-niko-nije-pominjao. (Accessed February 10, 2015.)Google Scholar
Constitution of the Republic of Serbia. 2006. http://www.parlament.gov.rs/upload/documents/Ustav_Srbije_pdf.pdf. (Accessed March 29, 2018.)Google Scholar
Cowles, Maria Green, Caporaso, James, and Risse, Thomas. 2001. Transforming Europe. Europeanization and Domestic Change. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danas. 2018. “Vučić: Od 120 minuta, 119 o Kosovu.” July 4. https://www.danas.rs/politika/vucic-od-120-minuta-119-o-kosovu/. (Accessed July 21, 2018.)Google Scholar
Denti, Davide. 2014. “The Europeanization of Candidate Countries: The Case for a Shift to the Concept of EU Member-state Building.” Contemporary Southeastern Europe 1 (1): 932.Google Scholar
Dimitrijević, Nenad. 2005. “Serbia as an Unfinished State.” In Between Authoritarianism and Democracy: Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Vol. 2- Civil Society and Political Culture, edited by Vujadinović, Dragica, Veljak, Lino, Goati, Vladimir, and Pavićević, Vladimir, 5974. Belgrade: Cedet.Google Scholar
Dimitrijević, Vojin. 2009. “Trouble Defining Serbia’s National Interest.” In Serbia Matters: Domestic Reforms and European Integration, edited by Petritsch, Wolfgang, Svilanović, Goran, and Solioz, Christophe, 143150. Baden-Baden: Nomos Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolenec, Danijela. 2013. Democratic Institutions and Authoritarian Rule in Southeast Europe. Colchester: European Consortium for Political Research.Google Scholar
Džankić, Jelena, Keil, Soeren, and Kmezić, Marko. 2018. “Introduction: The Europeanisation of the Western Balkans.” In The Europeanisation of the Western Balkans. A Failure of EU Conditionality?, edited by Džankić, Jelena, Keil, Soeren, and Kmezić, Marko, 114. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Džankić, Jelena, Keil, Soeren. 2018. “The Europeanisation of Contested States: Comparing Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro.” In The Europeanisation of the Western Balkans. A Failure of EU Conditionality?, edited by Džankić, Jelena, Keil, Soeren, and Kmezić, Marko, 181206. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Edmunds, Timothy. 2007. Security Sector Reform in Transforming Societies: Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Elbasani, Arolda, ed. 2013b. European Integration and Transformation in the Western Balkans: Europeanization or Business as Usual? London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elbasani, Arolda. 2013a. “Europeanization Travels to the Western Balkans: Enlargement Strategy, Domestic Obstacles and Diverging Reforms.” In European Integration and Transformation in the Western Balkans: Europeanization or Business as Usual?, edited by Elbasani, Arolda, 322. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commission, European. “Accession Criteria.” Glossary. Updated December 6, 2016a. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/policy/glossary/terms/accession-criteria_en. (Accessed July 17, 2018.)Google Scholar
European Commission. “Stabilisation and Association Process.” Glossary. Updated December 6, 2016b. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/policy/glossary/terms/sap. (Accessed March 15, 2017.)Google Scholar
European Commission. 2002. “Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Stabilisation and Association Report.” https://www.esiweb.org/pdf/montenegro_EC-Stabilisation%20and%20Association%20Report-SMN-2002.pdf. (Accessed November 28, 2019.)Google Scholar
European Commission. 2005a. “Croatia 2005 Progress Report.” November 9. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/archives/pdf/key_documents/2005/package/sec_1424_final_progress_report_hr_en.pdf. (Accessed January 27, 2017.)Google Scholar
European Commission. 2005b. “Communication from the Commission on the Preparedness of Serbia and Montenegro to negotiate a SAA with the European Union.” April 12. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a88ee902-1e1b-49c2-bcbe-d3030ea8845a/language-en. (Accessed November 28, 2019.)Google Scholar
European Commission. 2009. “Croatia 2009 Progress Report.” October 14. https://www.crnakutija.babe.hr/attach/_p/progress_report_2009.pdf. (Accessed November 28, 2019.)Google Scholar
European Commission. 2011. “Croatia 2011 Progress Report.” October 12. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/key_documents/2011/package/hr_rapport_2011_en.pdf. (Accessed January 27, 2017.)Google Scholar
European Commission. 2018a. “A Credible Enlargement Perspective for an Enhanced EU engagement with the Western Balkans.” February 6. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/communication-credible-enlargement-perspective-western-balkans_en.pdf. (Accessed July 21, 2018.)Google Scholar
European Commission. 2018b. “Serbia 2018 Progress Report.” April 17. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20180417-serbia-report.pdf. (Accessed July 21, 2018.)Google Scholar
Fisher, Sharon. 2003. “Contentious Politics in Croatia: The War Veterans' Movement.” In Uncivil Society? Contentious Politics in Post-Communist Europe, edited by Kopecky, Petr and Mudde, Cas, 7088. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Freedom House Report Croatia. 2004. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2004/croatia. (Accessed July 18, 2018.)Google Scholar
Freedom House Report Serbia. 2004. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2004/serbia-and-montenegro. (Accessed July 18, 2018.)Google Scholar
Freyburg, Tina and Richter, Solveig. 2010. “National Identity Matters: The Limited Impact of EU Political Conditionality in the Western Balkans.” Journal of European Public Policy 17 (2): 263281CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, Alexander and Bennett, Andrew. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goati, Vladimir. 2006. Partijske borbe u Srbiji u postoktobarskom razdoblju. Beograd: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Institut društvenih nauka.Google Scholar
Grabbe, Heather. 2002. “European Union Conditionality and the Acquis Communautaire.” International Political Science Review 23 (3): 249268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ignatieff, Michael. 1993. Blood and Belonging. Toronto: Viking.Google Scholar
Jellinek, Georg. 1905. Allgemeine Staatslehre. Berlin: Häring.Google Scholar
Jović, Dejan. 2006. “Croatia and the European Union: A Long Delayed Journey.” Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans Online 8 (1): 85103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soeren, Keil and Arkan, Zeynep. 2015. “Introduction: The EU and Member State Building – EU Foreign Policy in the Western Balkans.” In The EU and Member State Building: European Foreign Policy in the Western Balkans, edited by Arkan, Zeynep and Keil, Soeren. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Klarić, Duje. 2012. “Croatia Expects Fair Treatment from Germany.” TPortal. https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/croatia-expects-fair-treatment-from-germany-20121017. (Accessed March 29, 2017.)Google Scholar
Kovačević-Vučo, Biljana. 2009. “The Rule of Law, Human Rights and the Constitution of Serbia.” In Serbia Matters: Domestic Reforms and European Integration, edited by Petritsch, Wolfgang, Svilanović, Goran, and Solioz, Christophe, 151156. Baden-Baden: Nomos Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven and Way, Lucan. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
March, James and Olsen, Johan. 1989. Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Mendelski, Martin. 2013. “Where Does the European Union Make a Difference? Rule of Law Development in the Western Balkans and Beyond.” In European Integration and Transformation of the Western Balkans: Europeanization or Business as Usual?, edited by Elbasani, Arolda, 100118. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mijić, Branko. 2017. “Kako je Stipe Mesić postao opasni neprijatelj.” Novi List, December 6. http://www.novilist.hr/Komentari/Kolumne/Komentar-Branka-Mijica/Hrvatska-laz-Kako-je-Stipe-Mesic-postao-opasni-neprijatelj. (Accessed July 18, 2018.)Google Scholar
Milačić, Filip. 2017a. “A Painful Break or Agony without End? The Stateness Problem and its Influence on Democratization in Croatia and Serbia.” Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 3: 369387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milačić, Filip. 2017b. Nationalstaatsbildung, Krieg und Konsolidierung der Demokratie. Kroatien, Serbien und Montenegro. Wiesbaden: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nacional. 2018. “Praljkov čin govori o dubokoj moralnoj nepravdi.” November 29. http://www.nacional.hr/plenkovic-praljkov-cin-govori-o-dubokoj-moralnoj-nepravdi/. (Accessed January 7, 2018.)Google Scholar
Noutcheva, Gergana and Aydin-Düzgit, Senem. 2012. “Lost in Europeanisation: The Western Balkans and Turkey.” Journal West European Politics 35: 5978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noutcheva, Gergana. 2009. “Fake, Partial and Imposed Compliance: The Limits of the EU's Normative Power in the Western Balkans.” Journal of European Public Policy 16: 10651084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noutcheva, Gergana. 2012. European Foreign Policy and the Challenges of Balkan Accession: Conditionality, Legitimacy and Compliance. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obradović-Wochnik, Jelena and Wochnik, Alexander. 2012. “Europeanising the ‘Kosovo Question’: Serbia’s Policies in the Context of EU Integration.” West European Politics 35 (5): 11581181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pešić, Vesna. 2000. “The War for Ethnic States.” In The Road to War in Serbia. Trauma and Catharsis, edited by Popov, Nebojša, 949. Budapest: Central European University Press.Google Scholar
Reeskens, Tim and Hooghe, Marc. 2010. “Beyond the Civic–Ethnic Dichotomy: Investigating the Structure of Citizenship Concepts across Thirty-Three Countries.” Nations and Nationalism 16: 579597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reljić, Dušan. 2009. “Beitrittssanträge zur Unzeit.” SWP-Aktuell 4, January. Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit.Google Scholar
Ristić, Irena. 2008. “Serbien und die Europäische Union: Gründe für die Ambivalenz.” Südosteuropa 3: 336352.Google Scholar
Ristić, Irena. 2010. “Das politische System Serbiens.” In Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, edited by Ismayr, Wolfgang, 897940. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schimmelfennig, Frank and Sedelmeier, Ulrich. 2004. “Governance by Conditionality: EU rule transfer to the candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe.” Journal of European Public Policy 11 (4): 669687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schimmelfennig, Frank and Sedelmeier, Ulrich. 2005. “Introduction: Conceptualising the Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe.” In The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Schimmelfennig, Frank and Sedelmeier, Ulrich, 128. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Schimmelfennig, Frank, Engert, Stefan and Knobel, Heiko. 2006. International Socialization in Europe: European Organizations, Political Conditionality and Democratic Change. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schimmelfennig, Frank, Engert, Stefan, and Knobel, Heiko. 2005. “The Impact of EU Political Conditionality.” In The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Schimmelfennig, Frank and Sedelmeier, Ulrich, 2950. New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2007. “European Regional Organizations, Political Conditionality, and Democratic Transformation in Eastern Europe.” East European Politics and Societies 21: 126141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Jo and Štiks, Igor, eds. 2012. Citizenship after Yugoslavia. Routledge: New YorkGoogle Scholar
Dalmacija, Slobodna. 2017. “Grabar Kitarović o presudi hrvatskoj šestorki: Nitko drugi, pa ni Haški sud, neće pisati našu povijest!” November 30. http://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/novosti/hrvatska/clanak/id/519541/grabar-kitarovic-o-presudi-hrvatskoj-sestorki-nitko-drugi-pa-ni-haski-sud-nece-pisati-nasu-povijest. (Accessed January 16, 2018.)Google Scholar
Evropa, Slobodna. 2018. “Amfilohije: Strahujem da Vučić vodi politiku izdaje Srbije i Kosova.” January 8. https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/28962447.html. (Accessed June 16, 2018.)Google Scholar
Marko, Sošić. 2007. “Croatian Strategy of EU Integration 2000–2007—A Comparative Study.” Politička misao 44 (5): 91117.Google Scholar
Stahl, Bernhard. 2013. “Another “Strategic Accession”? The EU and Serbia (2000–2010).” Nationalities Papers 41 (3): 447468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subotić, Jelena. 2010. “Explaining Difficult States: The Problems of Europeanization in Serbia.” East European Politics and Societies 24: 595616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Transparency International. 2018. “Corruption Perceptions Index 2017.” Sureveys, February 21. https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017. (Accessed July 19, 2018.)Google Scholar
Vachudova, Milada. 2009. “Corruption and Compliance in the EU’s Post-Communist Members and Candidates.” JCMS Annual Review 47: 4362Google Scholar
Vachudova, Milada. 2018. “EU Enlargement and State Capture in the Western Balkans.” In The Europeanisation of the Western Balkans. A Failure of EU Conditionality?, edited by Džankić, Jelena, Keil, Soeren, and Kmezić, Marko, 6385. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Valtner, Lidija. 2013. “Nikada manja podrška ulasku Srbije u EU.” Danas, January 28. http://www.danas.rs/danasrs/politika/nikada_manja_podrska_ulasku_srbije_u_eu.56.html?news_id=254980. (Accessed April 8, 2016.)Google Scholar
Van Meurs, Wim. 2003. “The Belgrade Agreement: Robust Mediation between Serbia and Montenegro.” In Montenegro in Transition: Problems of Identity and Statehood, edited by Bieber, Florian, 6382. Baden-Baden: Nomos Publishers.Google Scholar
Vink, Maarten and Graziano, Paolo. 2007. “Challenges of a New Research Agenda.” In Europeanization: New Research Agendas, edited by Graziano, Paolo and Vink, Maarten, 320. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1992. Politik als Beruf. Stuttgart: Reclam.Google Scholar
Woelk, Jens. 2013. “EU Member State-Building in the Western Balkans: (Prolonged) EU-protectorates or New Model of Sustainable Enlargement? Conclusion.” Nationalities Papers 41 (3): 469482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Justice Project. “Rule of Law Index 2017–2018.” https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/WJP-ROLI-2018-June-Online-Edition_0.pdf. (Accessed July 19, 2018.)Google Scholar
Zakošek, Nenad and Maršić, Tomislav. 2010. “Das politische System Kroatiens.” In Die politischen Systeme Osteuropas, edited by Ismayr, Wolfgang, 773836. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhelyazkova, Asya, Damjanovski, Ivan, Nechev, Zoran and Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2018. “European Union Conditionality in the Western Balkans: External Incentives and Europeanisation.” In The Europeanisation of the Western Balkans. A Failure of EU Conditionality?, edited by Džankić, Jelena, Keil, Soeren, and Kmezić, Marko, 1537. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Đurović, Gordana. 2014. Former Montenegrin Minister for European Integration. Interviewed by author, July 11.Google Scholar
Jović, Dejan. 2014. Professor at the Faculty of political science, University of Zagreb. Interviewed by author, October 14.Google Scholar
Mesić, Stjepan. 2014. Former President of Croatia. Interviewed by author, October 13.Google Scholar
Pešić, Vesna. 2015. One of the leaders of the Serbian opposition in the 1990s. Interviewed by author, April 12.Google Scholar
Đurović, Gordana. 2014. Former Montenegrin Minister for European Integration. Interviewed by author, July 11.Google Scholar
Jović, Dejan. 2014. Professor at the Faculty of political science, University of Zagreb. Interviewed by author, October 14.Google Scholar
Mesić, Stjepan. 2014. Former President of Croatia. Interviewed by author, October 13.Google Scholar
Pešić, Vesna. 2015. One of the leaders of the Serbian opposition in the 1990s. Interviewed by author, April 12.Google Scholar