Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T05:26:59.817Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Foes of our rebirth: Ukrainian nationalist discussions about Jews, 1929-1947

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Marco Carynnyk
Marco Carynnyk*
Affiliation:
Toronto, Canada
*
*Email: mcarynnyk7882@rogers.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, or OUN, came into being in 1929 as an “integral nationalist” movement that set itself the goal of driving Polish landowners and officials out of eastern Galicia and Volhynia, joining hands with Ukrainians in other countries, and establishing an independent state. The OUN defined Jews, along with Russians and Poles, as aliens and enemies. There was no need, wrote an OUN ideologist in 1929, to list all the injuries that Jews caused Ukrainians. “In addition to a number of external enemies Ukraine also has an internal enemy … Jewry and its negative consequences for our liberation cause can be liquidated only by an organized collective effort”. The article examines archival documents, publications by OUN members, and recent scholarly literature to trace the evolution of OUN thinking about Jews from 1929 through the war years, when the German occupation of Ukraine gave the OUN an opportunity to stage pogroms and persecute Jews, and the prime minister of the state that the OUN proclaimed wrote that he supported “the destruction of the Jews and the expedience of bringing German methods of exterminating Jewry to Ukraine”.

Keywords

Ukraineanti-SemitismUkrainian nationalism
Type
Special Section: Ukrainians, Jews and the Holocaust
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 39 , Issue 3 , May 2011 , pp. 315 - 352
Copyright
Copyright © 2011 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Biblioteka im. O. Ol'zhycha, Kyïv (BOO).Google Scholar
Haluzevyi derzhavnyi arkhiv Sluzhby bezpeky Ukraïny, Kyïv (HDASBU).Google Scholar
Library and Archive Canada, Ottawa (LAC).Google Scholar
L'vivs'ka naukova biblioteka im. Vasylia Stefanyka (LNB).Google Scholar
Provincial Archives of Alberta, Edmonton (PAA).Google Scholar
Tsentral'nyi derzhavnyi arkhiv hromads'kykh ob'ednan’ Ukraïny, Kyïv (TsDAHOU).Google Scholar
Tsentral'nyi derzhavnyi arkhiv vyshchykh orhaniv vlady i upravlinnia Ukraïny, Kyïv (TsDAVOVU).Google Scholar
Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem (YVA).Google Scholar
A.V. “Pered sudom prysiazhnykh u L'vovi.” Rozbudova natsiï Apr. 1928, 171. PDF file.Google Scholar
Abramson, Henry. “The Scattering of Amalek: A Model for Understanding the Ukrainian-Jewish Conflict.” East European Jewish Affairs 24 (1994): 39–47. Print.Google Scholar
B., Myron. “Ieretychni dumky.” Rozbudova natsiï July-Aug. 1930: 205–209. PDF file.Google Scholar
“'Bandy Dyrektoriï?” Editorial. Svoboda 2 Mar. 1929: 2. PDF file.Google Scholar
Bauer, Yehuda. The Death of the Shtetl. New Haven: Yale UP, 2009. Print.Google Scholar
Bauer, Yehuda. Rethinking the Holocaust. New Haven: Yale UP, 2001. Print.Google Scholar
Berkhoff, Karel C., and Carynnyk, Marco. “The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 23.3–4 (1999): 149–82. Print.Google Scholar
Bohush, V. “Rosiis'ko-zhydivs'ke panuvannia ta rolia rosiis'koi kul'tury na Radians'kii Ukraïni.” Rozbudova natsiï Mar.-Apr. 1929: 85–93. PDF file.Google Scholar
Bohush, V. “Zahal'ne ekonomichne polozhennia S.S.S.R.” Rozbudova natsiï Dec. 1928: 425–29. PDF file.Google Scholar
Butko, S.V., and Kentii, A.V. “Na shliakhu do zbroinoho chynu.” Ukraïns'kyi istorychnyi zhurnal 4 (1998): 110–14. Print.Google Scholar
Carynnyk, Marco. “‘Jews, Poles, and Other Scum': Ruda Różaniecka, Monday, 30 June 1941.” Fourth Annual Danyliw Research Seminar in Contemporary Ukrainian Studies, Chair of Ukrainian Studies, University of Ottawa, 23-25 Oct. 2008. Web. 1 Mar. 2011.Google Scholar
Cherchenko, Iurii, ed. Dokumenty i materialy z istoriï Orhanizatsiï ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv, Vol. 2, pt. 2, Lystuvannia Ie. Konoval'tsia z D. Andrievs'kym (1927-1934 rr). Kyïv: Vydavnytstvo im. Oleny Telihy, 2007. Print.Google Scholar
Chervak, Bohdan. Derzhavnyts'kyi chyn Mykoly Stsibors'koho. Kyïv: Fundatsiia im. O. Ol'zhycha, 1996. Print.Google Scholar
[Dmytro Dontsov], D.D. “Symon Petliura.” Literaturno-naukovyi vistnyk May 1926: 326–28. Print.Google Scholar
Dniprians'kyi, B. “Revoliutsiia natsional'na i prolietars'ka.” Rozbudova natsiï Jan.-Feb. 1929: 7–15. PDF file.Google Scholar
Fedyna, Andrii. “Postat’ polk. Ievhena Konoval'tsia: Z perspektyvy Pershoho Kongresu Ukraïns'kykh Natsionalistiv.” Istorychni notatky (Oleksander Matla). Ed. Tereshchuk, Petro. Toronto: n.p., 1985. 85–91. Print.Google Scholar
Friedman, Philip. “Ukrainian-Jewish Relations during the Nazi Occupation.” YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science 12 (1958-1959): 259–96. Print.Google Scholar
Golczewski, Frank. “Shades of Grey: Reflections on Jewish-Ukrainian and German-Ukrainian Relations in Galicia.” The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization. Eds. Brandon, Ray and Lower, Wendy. Bloomington: Indiana UP in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2008. 114–55. Print.Google Scholar
Haivas, Iaroslav. “Na zakrutakh istorii.” Nepohasnyi ohon’ viry: Zbirnyk na poshanu polkovnyka Andriia Mel'nyka, Holovy Provodu ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv. Ed. Knysh, Zynovii. Paris: Natsionalistychne vydavnytstvo v Evropi, 1974. 255–86. Print.Google Scholar
Halaiko, Bohdan. “Chasopys ‘Surma'—presovyi orhan propahandy Ukraïns'koï viis'kovoï orhanizatsiï.” Visnyk Natsional'noho universytetu “L'vivs'ka politekhnika,” no. 612 (2008): 114–119. Print.Google Scholar
Hunchak, Taras, ed. UPA v svitli nimets'kykh dokumentiv, Knyha persha: 1942-cherven’ 1944. Litopys Ukraïns'koï povstans'koï armiï 6. Toronto: Litopys UPA, 1983. Print.Google Scholar
Hunczak, Taras. “Ukrainian-Jewish Relations during the Soviet and Nazi Occupations.” Ukraine during World War II: History and Its Aftermath; A Symposium. Ed. Yury Boshyk with the assistance of Roman Waschuk and Andriy Wynnyckyj. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1986. 39–57. Print.Google Scholar
Karbovych, Zynovii. “Zhydivstvo i my.” Novyi shliakh 8 May 1939: 3. Microfilm.Google Scholar
Karbovych, Z. [Iaroslav Stets'ko]. “Natsional'ne i internatsional'ne zhydivstvo.” Vyzvol'nyi shliakh May 1957: 487–90. Print.Google Scholar
Kedryn, Ivan. Zhyttia—podiï—liudy: Spomyny i komentari. New York: Chervona Kalyna, 1976. Print.Google Scholar
Knysh, Zynovii. Pered pokhodom na skhid: Spohady i materiialy do diiannia Orhanizatsiï Ukraïns'kykh Natsionalistiv u 1939-1941 rokakh. Toronto: Sribna Surma, n.d. Print.Google Scholar
Knysh, Zynovii. Stanovlennia OUN. Kyïv: Vydavnytstvo im. Oleny Telihy, 1994. Print.Google Scholar
Konovalets', Ievhen, and Martynets', Volodymyr. Ia b'iu v dzvin, shchob zrushyty spravu OUN z mertvoï tochky…: Nevidomi dokumenty Orhanizatsiï ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv, rik 1930; Lystuvannia Holovy Provodu OUN Ie. Konoval'tsia i sekretaria PRUN V. Martyntsia. Kyiv: Tempora, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
Kosyk, Volodymyr. Ukraïna pid chas Druhoï svitovoï viiny, trans. Roman Osadchuk. New York: Council for Defense and Relief of Ukraine, UCCA, 1992. Print.Google Scholar
Kosyk, Volodymyr. Rozkol OUN, 1939-1940: Zbirnyk dokumentiv. 2nd ed. L'viv: L'vivs'kyi natsional'nyi universytet im. I. Franka, Instytut ukraïnoznavstva im. I. Kryp'iakevycha NAN Ukraïny, 1999. Print.Google Scholar
Koval', Roman. “Nove pro Mykolu Stsibors'koho.” Web. 30 Jan. 2011.Google Scholar
Krychevs'kyi, Roman [Roman Il'nyts'kyi]. Orhanizatsiia ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv v Ukraïni, Orhanizatsiia ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv zakordonom i ZCh OUN: Prychynok do istoriï ukraïns'koho natsionalistychnoho rukhu. New York: Vydannia Politychnoi rady odnodumtsiv OUN v SShA, 1962. Print.Google Scholar
Kucheruk, Oleksandr. “Dmytro Andriievs'kyi i protses pidhotovky pershoho konhresu ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv 1929 r.” Ukraïns'kyi vyzvol'nyi rukh 8 (2006): 76–101. Print.Google Scholar
Kucheruk, Oleksandr. Riko Iaryi—zahadka OUN. L'viv: Piramida, 2005. Print.Google Scholar
Kucheruk, Oleksandr, and Chervak, Bohdan. Materialy do istoriï OUN. Kyïv: Vydavnytstvo im. Oleny Telihy, 1997. Print.Google Scholar
Kucheruk, O., and Cherchenko, Iu., eds. Dokumenty i materialy z istoriï Orhanizatsiï ukrains'kykh natsionalistiv, vol. 7: Dokumenty Komisiï derzhavnoho planuvannia OUN (KDP OUN). Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo im. Oleny Telihy, 2002. Print.Google Scholar
Kul'chyts'kyi, S. et al., eds. OUN v 1941 rotsi: Dokumenty. Kyïv: Instytut istorii Ukrainy NAN Ukraïny, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Kul'chyts'kyi, S. OUN v 1942 rotsi: Dokumenty. Kyïv: Instytut istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Kul'chyts'kyi, S. OUN i UPA v 1943 rotsi: Dokumenty. Kyïv: Instytut istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2008. Print.Google Scholar
Kurylo, Taras, and Khymka, Ivan. “Iak OUN stavylasia do ievreïv? Rozdumy nad knyzhkoiu Volodymyra V'iatrovycha.” Ukraïna moderna 13 (2008): 252–65. Print.Google Scholar
“Kushnir, Makar.” Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Ed. Kubijovyč, Volodymyr. 5 vols. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1984-1993. Print.Google Scholar
Kvitkovs'kyi, Denys. “V kuzni ideinoï zbroï OUN: Zhmut spohadiv pro moiu pratsiu v presi i propagandy OUN.” Nepohasnyi ohon’ viry: Zbirnyk na poshanu polkovnyka Andriia Mel'nyka, Holovy Provodu ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv. Ed. Knysh, Zynovii. Paris: Natsionalistychne vydavnytstvo v Evropi, 1974. 371–82. Print.Google Scholar
Lenkavs'kyi, Stepan. “Natsionalistychnyi rukh na ZUZ ta 1-yi Kongres Ukraïns'kykh Natsionalistiv.” Ievhen Konovalets’ ta ioho doba. Munich: n.p., 1974. 395–425. Print.Google Scholar
Levyns'kyi, Volodymyr. Ideol'og fashyzmu: Zamitky do ideol'ogiï Dmytra Dontsova. L'viv: Nakladom Hromads'koho holosu, 1936. Print.Google Scholar
Lysenko, O. Ie., and Patryliak, I.K., eds. Materialy ta dokumenty Sluzhby bezpeky OUN(B) u 1940-kh rr. Kyïv: Instytut istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, Kyïvs'kyi natsional'nyi universytet im. T. Shevchenka, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
M.P. “Polkovnyk Ievhen Konovalets'.” Viina i tekhnika: Voienno-naukovyi zbirnyk, 1–6. Paris: n.p., 1938. Print.Google Scholar
Malaniuk, Ievhen. “Andrii Mel'nyk: Uryvok zo spohadiv.” Nepohasnyi ohon’ viry: Zbirnyk na poshanu polkovnyka Andriia Mel'nyka, Holovy Provodu ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv. Ed. Knysh, Zynovii. Paris: Natsionalistychne vydavnytstvo v Evropi, 1974. 69–76. Print.Google Scholar
Martynets', Volodymyr. “Po Kongresi.” Rozbudova natsiï Jan.-Feb. 1929: 4–7. Print.Google Scholar
Martynets', Volodymyr. “Postanovy Kongresu Ukraïns'kykh Natsionalistiv.” Rozbudova natsiï May 1929: 177–78. Print.Google Scholar
Martynets', Volodymyr. “Spys referativ, iaki zholosheno na Kongres Ukraïns'kykh Natsionalistiv.” Rozbudova natsiï Jan.-Feb. 1929: 62. Print.Google Scholar
Martynets', Volodymyr. Ukraïns'ke pidpillia: Vid U.V.O. do O.U.N; Spohady i materiialy do peredistorii ta istoriï ukraïns'koho orhanizovanoho natsionalizmu. [Winnipeg]: n.p., 1949. Print.Google Scholar
Martynets', Volodymyr. “Zhydivs'ka probliema v Ukraïni.” In Ideia v nastupi, 24–47. London: n.p., 1938. Print.Google Scholar
Martynets', Volodymyr. Zhydivs'ka probliema v Ukraïni. London: n.p., 1938. Print.Google Scholar
Mechnyk, Stepan. U vyri voiennoho lykholittia: OUN i UPA u borot'bi z hitlerivs'kymy okupantamy. L'viv: Krai, 1992. Print.Google Scholar
Mel'nyk, Andrii. “Pam'iati vpavshykh za voliu i velych Ukraïny.” Orhanizatsiia ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv 1929-1954. [Paris]: n.p., 1955. 17–47. Print.Google Scholar
Motyl, Alexander J. The Turn to the Right: The Ideological Origins and Development of Ukrainian Nationalism, 1919-1929. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1980. Print.Google Scholar
Mudryk-Mechnyk, Stepan. OUN v Ukraïni i za kordonom pid provodom S. Bandery: Prychynky do istoriï, spohad. L'viv: Halyts'ka Vydavnycha Spilka, 1997. Print.Google Scholar
Muravs'kyi, Volodymyr, ed. Kongres Ukraïns'kykh Natsionalistiv 1929 r.: Dokumenty i materialy. L'viv: NAN Ukraïny, L'vivs'ka naukova biblioteka im. V. Stefanyka, Tsentr doslidzhen’ vyzvol'noho rukhu, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Muravs'kyi, Volodymyr. “Uchasnyky Kongresu Ukraïns'kykh Natsionalistiv 1929 roku,” Vyzvol'nyi shliakh Feb. 2004: 75–86. Print.Google Scholar
Mylianych, Iur. “Iaponiia- syla buduchnosty?” Rozbudova natsiï July-Aug. 1930: 174–77. PDF file.Google Scholar
Mylianych, Iur. “Zhydy, sionizm i Ukraïna.” Rozbudova natsiï Aug.-Sep. 1929: 271–76. PDF file.Google Scholar
Mytsiuk, O.K. Agraryzatsiia zhydivstva Ukraïny na tli zahal'noï ekonomiky. Prague: Nakladom avtora, 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Mytsiuk, O.K. “Zhydy v Ukraïni.” Krakivs'ki visti nos. 125, 137, 144, 175, 176, 201, 1943. Microform.Google Scholar
Naumenko, Kim. “Statti pro L'viv u roky Druhoï svitovoï viiny.” Web. 1 Mar. 2011.Google Scholar
Onats'kyi, Ievhen. U vichnomu misti: Zapysky ukraïns'koho zhurnalista, Vol. 1, Rik 1930. Buenos Aires: Vydavnytstvo Mykoly Denysiuka, 1954; Vol. 2, Roky 1931-1932. Toronto: Novyi shliakh, 1981; Vol. 3, 1933 rik. Toronto: Novyi shliakh, 1985. Print.Google Scholar
ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv, Orhanizatsiia. Politychna Prohrama i Ustrii Orhanizatsiï Ukraïns'kykh Natsionalistiv. n.p.: Vydannia Provodu ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv, 1940. Print.Google Scholar
Orhanizatsiia ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv, Zakordonni chastyny. OUN v svitli postanov Velykykh zboriv, Konferentsii ta inshykh dokumentiv z borot'by 1929-1955 r. [Munich]: Vydannia Zakordonnykh chastyn Orhanizatsiï ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv, 1955. Print.Google Scholar
Osadchuk, Bohdan. “Rol’ Iezhy Gedroitsa v pol's'ko-ukraïns'kykh vidnosynakh.” Khata skraiu, 12 Apr. 2009. Web. 1 Mar. 2011.Google Scholar
Ostroverkha, Mykhailo. Musolini: Liudyna i chyn. L'viv: Knyhozbirnia Vistnyka, 1934. Print.Google Scholar
“Paryzhs'kyi protses.” Surma Dec. 1927: 4–6. PDF file.Google Scholar
Patryliak, I. K. “Derzhavne budivnytstvo v planakh OUN (traven’ 1941 roku).” Kyïvs'ka starovyna 2 (2003): 90–113. Print.Google Scholar
Patryliak, I. K. “Viis'kovi plany OUN(b) u taiemnii instruktsiï Revoliutsiinoho provodu (traven’ 1941 r.).” Ukraïns'kyi istorychnyi zhurnal 2 (2000): 127–37. Print.Google Scholar
Patryliak, I. K. Viis'kova diial'nist’ OUN(B) u 1940-1942 rokakh. Kyïv: Kyïvs'kyi natsional'nyi universytet im. Tarasa Shevchenka, Instytut istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2004. Print.Google Scholar
Patryliak, I. K. “Zavdannia ounivs'koï propahandy na chas viiny u svitli instruktsiï Revoliutsiinoho provodu (traven’ 1941 roku).” Moloda natsiia 2 (2001): 129–52. Print.Google Scholar
Perepichka, Ievhen. Fenomen Stepana Bandery. 2nd ed. L'viv: Spolom, 2008. Print.Google Scholar
Posivnych, Mykola, ed. Stepan Bandera: Dokumenty i materialy, 1920-1930 rr. L'viv: n.p., 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Posivnych, Mykola. Varshavs'kyi akt obvynuvachennia Stepana Bandery ta tovaryshiv. L'viv: Tsentr doslidzhen’ vyzvol'noho rukhu, 2005. Print.Google Scholar
Posivnych, Mykola. “Vydannia Kaiovoï [sic] ekzekutyvy OUN 1931 r.” Ukraïns'kyi vyzvol'nyi rukh 2 (2003): 7–14. Print.Google Scholar
Potichnyj, Petro J., ed. English Language Publications of the Ukrainian Underground. Litopys UPA 17. Toronto: Litopys UPA, 1988. Print.Google Scholar
“Propozytsiï vnutrishn'o-orhanizatsiinoï komisiï.” In Nepohasnyi ohon’ viry: Zbirnyk na poshanu polkovnyka Andriia Mel'nyka, Holovy Provodu ukraïns'kykh natsionalistiv, ed. Knysh, Zynovii, 676–77. Paris: Natsionalistychne vydavnytstvo v Evropi, 1974. Print.Google Scholar
Pytliar, O. “Polkovnyk Konovalets’ iak liudyna: Slovo na Akademiï v Astoriï, N.I., na zakinchennia roku 40-richchia smerty polk. Ie. Konoval'tsia.” Svoboda 9 Dec. 1978: 2, 4. Print.Google Scholar
Rebet, Lev. Svitla i tini OUN. Munich: Ukraïns'kyi samostiinyk, 1964. Print.Google Scholar
Redlich, Shimon. “Jewish-Ukrainian Relations in Inter-War Poland as Reflected in Some Ukrainian Publications.” Polin 11 (1998): 232–46. Print.Google Scholar
Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz. “The ‘Ukrainian Revolution’ in the Summer of 1941 and the Letters of the ‘Ukrainian People’ to Stepan Bandera, Adolf Hitler, and Iaroslav Stets'ko.” Unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Serhiichuk, Volodymyr, ed. OUN-UPA v roky viiny: Novi dokumenty i materialy. Kyïv: Dnipro, 1996. Print.Google Scholar
Serhiichuk, Volodymyr. Stepan Bandera u dokumentakh radians'kykh orhaniv derzhavnoï bezpeky (1939-1959). Kyïv: PP Serhiichuk M. I., 2009. Print.Google Scholar
Snovyda, O. [Dmytro Dontsov]. “Znov zhydivs'ke pytannia.” Svoboda 26 Apr. 1933: 2. Print. Sosnovs'kyi, Mykhailo. Dmytro Dontsov: Politychnyi portret; Z istoriï rozvytku ideolohiï ukraïns'koho natsionalizmu. New York: Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka, 1974. Print.Google Scholar
Stets'ko, Iaroslav. 30 chervnia 1941: Proholoshennia vidnovlennia derzhavnosty Ukraïny. Toronto: Liga vyzvolennia Ukraïny, 1967. Print.Google Scholar
Stsibors'kyi, M. O.U.N. i selianstvo. N.p.: Vydannia Rozbudovy natsiï, 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Stsibors'kyi, M. “Probliemy hospodars'koï vlasnosty.” In Na sluzhbi natsiï: Al'manakh, 3–19. [Paris]: n.p., 1938. Print.Google Scholar
Stsibors'kyi, M. “Ukraïns'kyi natsionalizm i zhydivstvo.” Rozbudova natsiï Nov.-Dec. 1930: 266–73. PDF file.Google Scholar
Stsibors'kyi, M. “Za vnutrishnii imperiializm.” Proboiem 7-8 (1941): 417–35. Print.Google Scholar
Stsibors'kyi, M. Zemel'ne pytannia. Paris: Ukrains'ka Knyharnia-Nakladnia, 1939.Google Scholar
Svarnyk, Halyna. “Kil'ka shtrykhiv do ideinoï biohrafiï Dmytra Dontsova.” Ukraïna moderna 1 (1996): 150–56. Print.Google Scholar
Svatko, Iaroslav. Ievhen Konovalets'—tvorets’ OUN. L'viv: Halyts'ka vydavnycha spilka, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
Tsarynnyk, Marko. “'Zhydy, poliaky ta insha svoloch': Ruda Różaniecka, 30 chervnia 1941 r.,” World War II and the (Re)Creation of Historical Memory in Contemporary Ukraine, An international conference, Kyiv, 23-26 Sep. 2009. Web. 1 Mar. 2011.Google Scholar
Vedienieiev, Dmytro. “Zahadka Rika Iaroho.” Pam'iat’ stolit' 6 (2001): 149–50. Print.Google Scholar
Vynar, Liubomyr. “Oleh Kandyba-Ol'zhych u lystuvanni Leva Shankovs'koho.” Problemy istoriï Ukraïny 16 (2007): 154–65. Print.Google Scholar
Weiss, Aharon. “The Attitude of the Ukrainian Nationalist Groups towards Jews during the Second World War.” Nazi Europe and the Final Solution. Eds. Bankier, David and Gutman, Israel. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2003. 265–75. Print.Google Scholar
Wytwycky, B. “Anti-Semitism.” Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Ed. Volodymyr Kubijovyč. 5 vols. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1984-1993. Print.Google Scholar
Zaitsev, Oleksandr. “Did Nazism Influence Ukrainian Nationalist Discourse in Relation to Jews in the 1930s?” Outline of remarks for the meeting of the Ukrainian-Jewish Encounter, Ditchley Park, UK, December 2009.Google Scholar