Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T14:11:30.348Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Lev Gumilev and the European New Right

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Mark Bassin*
Affiliation:
Center for Baltic and East European Studies, Södertörn University, Stockholm, Sweden
*

Extract

The striking affinities that have developed between radical-conservative movements in Western Europe and Russia since the end of the Cold War have been widely noted. This essay considers these affinities through the example of the Soviet historian and geographer Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev (1912–1992). It argues that Gumilev and the European New Right developed perspectives that were highly comparable, founded on similar principles, and articulated through similar images and allusions. Yet despite the powerful resonances in terms of basic concepts and theoretical orientation, there were nonetheless deep differences in terms of the conclusions regarding the practical implications for their respective societies that Gumilev and the Europeans deduced from these principles.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aksenova, E. P., and Vasilev, M. A. 1993. “Problemy etnogonii slavianstva i ego vetvei v akademicheskikh diskusiiakh rubezha 1930–1940-kh godov.” Slavianovedenie 2: 86104.Google Scholar
Allensworth, Wayne. 1998. The Russian Question. Nationalism, Modernization, and Post-Communist Russia. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Andersen, Joakim. 2010. “Lev Gumilev och etnogenesis.” Motpol. Accessed November 4, 2014. http://www.motpol.nu/oskorei/2010/09/11/lev-gumilev-och-etnogenesis/.Google Scholar
Antonio, Robert J. 2000. “After Postmodernism: Reactionary Tribalism.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (1): 4087.Google Scholar
Bar-On, Tamir. 2013a. “Fascism to the Nouvelle Droite: The Quest for Pan-European Empire.” In Varieties of Right-Wing Extremism in Europe, edited by Andrea Mammone, Emmanuel Godin, and Jenkins, Brian, 6984. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bar-On, Tamir. 2013b. Rethinking the French New Right: Alternatives to Modernity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bassin, Mark. 1991. “Russia between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geographical Space.” Slavic Review 50 (1): 117.Google Scholar
Bassin, Mark. 2009. “Nurture is Nature: Lev Gumilev and the Ecology of Ethnicity.” Slavic Review 68 (4): 872897.Google Scholar
Bassin, Mark. 2010. “Nationhood, Natural Region, Mestorazvitie: Environmentalist Discourses in Classical Eurasianism.” In Space, Place and Power in Modern Russia: Essays in the New Spatial History, edited by Mark Bassin, Chris Ely and Stockdale, Melissa, 4980. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Bassin, Mark. 2015. “Narrating Kulikovo: Lev Gumilev, Russian Nationalists, and the Troubled Emergence of Neo-Eurasianism.” In Between Europe and Asia: The Origins, Theories and Legacies of Russian Eurasianism, edited by Mark Bassin, Marlene Laruelle and Glebov, Sergey, 165186. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Bassin, Mark, forthcoming. The Gumilev Mystique. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Beliakov, S. S. 2012. Gumilev syn Gumileva. Moscow: Astrel'.Google Scholar
de Benoist, Alain. 1979. Les Idées à l'endroit. Paris: Hallier.Google Scholar
de Benoist, Alain. 1996. “Confronting Globalization.” Telos 108: 117137.Google Scholar
de Benoist, Alain. 1999. “What is Racism.” Telos 114: 1148.Google Scholar
de Benoist, Alain. 2002. “Nationalisme: phénoménologie et critique.” In Critiques – Théoriques, 8588. Lausanne: L'Age d'Homme.Google Scholar
de Benoist, Alain. 2012. Mémoire vive. Paris: Éditions de Fallois.Google Scholar
de Benoist, Alain. 2014. “Alain de Benoist Answers Tamir Bar-On.” Journal for the Study of Radicalism 8 (1): 141168.Google Scholar
de Benoist, Alain, and Champetier, Charles. 2000. “Manifesto of the French New Right in Year 2000.” Accessed October 18, 2014. htrps://archive.org/detailsManifestoOfTheFrenchNewRightInTheYear2000.Google Scholar
de Benoist, Alain, and Sunic, Tomislav. 1994. “Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft: A Sociological View of the Decay of Modern Society.” Mankind Quarterly 34: 261–270. Accessed October 22, 2014. https://archive.org/details/GemeinschaftAndGesellschaft.Google Scholar
de Benoist, Alain, and Sylvian, Brian. 2005. “European Son: An Interview with Alain de Benoist.” Occidental Quarterly 5 (3): 7–27. Accessed October 23, 2014. https://http://www.toqonline.com/archives/v5n3/53-bs-debenoist.pdf.Google Scholar
Benthall, Johathan. 2002. “The Schwidetzky Affair.” In The Best of Anthropology Today, edited by Benthall, Jonathan, 441444. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bertalanfi, L. 1969. Obshchaia teoriia sistem–krticheskii obzor. Moscow: Progress.Google Scholar
Billig, Michael. 1981. Die rassistische Internationale: zur Renaissance der Rassenlehre in der modernen Psychologic Frankfurt: Neue Kritik.Google Scholar
Böttger, Christian. 2014. Ethnos. Der Nebel um den Volksbegriff. Schnellbach: Lindenbaum Verlag.Google Scholar
Brauner-Orthen, Alice. 2001. Die neue Rechte in Deutschland. Antidemokratische und rassistische Tendenzen. Opladen: Leske und Budrich.Google Scholar
Brinks, Jan Herman. 2005. “Germany's New Right.” In Nationalist Myths and the Modern Media: Contested Identities in the Age of Globalisation, edited by Herman Brinks, Jan, 125138. New York: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Bromlei, Iu.V. 1983. Ocherki teorii etnosa. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Bruk, S. I., and Cheboksarov, N. N. 1976. “Metaetnicheskie obshchnosti.” Rasy i Narody. Ezhegodnik 6: 1541.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Patrick J. 2013. “Is Putin One of Us?” Accessed December 30, 2014. http://buchanan.org/blog/putin-one-us-6071.Google Scholar
Ceuppens, Bambi, and Geschiere, Peter. 2005. “Autochthony: Local or Global? New Modes in the Struggle over Citizenship and Belonging in Africa and Europe.” Annual Review of Anthropology 34: 385407.Google Scholar
Corni, Gustavo, and Gies, Horst. 1994. “Blut und Boden.” Rassenideologie und Agrarpolitik im Staat Hitlers. Idstein: Schultz-Kirchner Verlag.Google Scholar
Darré, R. Walther. 1940. “Blut und Boden als Lebensgrundlagen der nordischer Rasse [1930].” In Um Blut und Boden: Reden und Aufsätze, 1729. Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP.Google Scholar
Davis, Chandler, and Godneff, Nina. 1981. “La sociobiologie et son explication de l'humanité.” Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 36 (4): 531571.Google Scholar
Douguine, Alexandre. 2013. L'appel de L'Eurasie. Paris: Avatar.Google Scholar
Douguine, Alexandre. 2014. Pour une théorie du monde multipolaire. Paris: Ars Magna.Google Scholar
Dugin, A. G. 2002. “Lev Gumilev: nauka ‘zhivoi zhizni'.” Accessed February 8, 2014. http://evrazia.org/modules.php?name+News&file=article&sid=634.Google Scholar
Dugin, A. G. 2012. Alexander Dugin: The Fourth Political Theory. London: Arktos.Google Scholar
Dugin, A. G. 2014. Konflikte der Zukunft: Die Rückkehr der Geopolitik. Kiel: Arndt-Verlag.Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus. 1970. Ethnology: The Biology of Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus. 1984. Der vorprogrammierte Mensch. Das Ererbte als bestimminder Faktor im menschlichen Verhalten. Munchen: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag.Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus. 1995. Wider die Misstrauensgesellschaft: Streitschrift für eine bessere Zukunft. 2nd ed. Munich: Piper.Google Scholar
Ermolaev, V. Iu. 1990. “Samoorganizatsiia v prirode i etnogenez.” Izvestiia Vsesoiuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva 122 (1): 2632.Google Scholar
Faye, Guillaume. 2011. Why We Fight. Manifesto of the European Resistance. London: Arktos.Google Scholar
Filatova, Irina. 1994. “The Awkward Issue: Some Coments on the South African Debate on Nation-Building and Ethnicity.” In Democratic Nation-Building in South Africa, edited by Rhodie, Nic and Liebenberg, Ian, 5259. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.Google Scholar
Filippov, V. R. 2010. “Sovetskaia teoriia etnosa.” Istoricheskii ocherk. Moscow: Inst. Afriki RAN.Google Scholar
Gerstein, Emma. 2004. Moscow Memoirs. Translated by J. Crowfoot. London: Harvill Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Robert. 1988. “Apartheid's Anthropologists: The Genealogy of Afrikaner Anthropology.” American Ethnologist 15 (3): 535553.Google Scholar
Griffin, Roger. 2000. “Interregnum or Endgame? The Radical Right in the ‘Post-Fascist’ Era.” Journal of Political Ideologies 5 (2): 163178.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1964, June 7–13. “Gde ona, strana Khazariia?Nedelia 24.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1967. “Rol’ klimaticheskikh kolebanii v istorii narodov stepnoi zony Evrazii.” Istoriia SSSR 1: 5366.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1968a. “On the Anthropogenic Factor in Landscape Formation.” Soviet Geography 9: 590602.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1968b. “On the Subject of the ‘Unified Geography’ (Landscape and Etnos, VI).” Soviet Geography: Review and Translation 9 (1): 3647.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1970. “Etnogenez i etnosfera.” Priroda 2: 4350.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1974. “Letter to the Editors of Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva.” Soviet Geography: Review and Translation 15 (6): 376.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1976. “G. E. Grumm-Grzhimailo i rozhdenie nauki ob etnogeneze.” Priroda 5: 112121.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1977. “Mongoly i merkity v XII veke.” Studia orientalla et Antiqua 416. Accessed April 23, 2007. http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/articles/Article78.htm - Article78.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1978. “Biosfera i impul'sy soznaniia.” Priroda 12: 97105.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1988, April 13. “Korni nashego rodstva.” Izvestiia 3.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1989a, June 24. “Chelovechnost’ prevyshe vsego.” Izvestiia. Accessed March 19, 2014. http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/articles/Article45.htm.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1989b. Etnogenez i biosfera zemli. 2nd ed. Leningrad: Iz-vo Len. Universiteta.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1989c. “Etnos, istoriia, kul'tura.” Dekorativnoe Iskusstvo SSSR 10: 30.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1989d. “Etnos, istoriia, kul'tura.” Dekorativnoe Iskusstvo SSSR 5: 3033.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1989e. “Pis'mo v radaktsiiu ‘Voprosov filosofii'.” Voprosy Filosofii 5: 157160.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1989f. “Sila epokhi.” Dekorativnoe Iskusstvo SSSR 7: 3435.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1990a. “Iskat’ to, chto verno.” Sovetskaia Literatura 1: 72–76. Accessed February 25, 2014 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/articles/Article06.htm.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1990b. “Zakony vremeni.” Literaturnoe Obozrenie 3: 39.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1991a. “Kakoi ia demokrat? Ia staryi soldat!.” Accessed April 17, 2014. http://nevzorov.tv/2012/03/lev-gumilyov-kakoj-ya-demokrat-ya-starij-soldat/.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1991b. “'Menia nazyvaiut evraziitsem'.” Nash Sovremennik 1: 132141.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1992, August 12. “My absoliutno samobytny.” Nevskoe Vremia. Accessed March 21, 2014. http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/articles/Article52.htm.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1994a. “Chernaia Legenda.” In Chernaia Legenda: Druz'ia i nedrugi Velikoi stepi, 42147. Moscow: Ekopros.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1994b. “'Ia, russkii chelovek, vsiu zhizn’ zashchishchaiu tatar ot klevety'.” In Chernaia Legenda: Druz'ia i nedrugi Velikoi stepi, 247323. Moscow: Ekopross.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 1995. “Istoriko-filosofskie trudy kniazia N. S. Trubetskogo (zametki poslednego evraziitsa).” In Istoriia. Kul'tura. Iazyk, edited by Zhivov, V. M., 3154. Moscow: Progress-Univers.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 2001. Konets i vnov’ nachalo. Populiarnye lektsii po narodovedeniiu. Moscow: Rol'f.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 2003a. “Chtoby svecha ne pogasla.” In Chtoby svecha ne pogasla. Sbornik esse, interv'iu, stikhotvorenii, perevodov, edited by Goncharova, E. M., 715. Moscow: Airis Press.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 2003b. “Glavnomu redaktoru zhurnala Kommunist R. I. Kosolapovu [1982].” In Vspominaia L. N. Gumileva. Vospominaniia. Publikatsii. Issledovaniia, edited by Voronovich, V. N. and Kozyreva, M. G., 230236. St. Petersburg: Iz-vo “Rostok”.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 2003c. “Nikakoi mistiki.” In Chtoby svecha ne pogasla. Sbornik esse, interv'iu, stikhotvorenii, perevodov, 5168. Moscow: Airis Press.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 2003d. “'Publikatsiia moikh rabot blokiruiutsia.’ Kto i pochemu otvergal L. N. Gumilevu.” In Vspominaia L. N. Gumileva. Vospominaniia. Publikatsii. Issledovaniia, edited by Voronovich, V. N. and Kozyreva, M. G., 246256. St. Petersburg: Iz-vo “Rostok”.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 2004. Drevniaia Rus’ i velikaia step'. Moscow: Airis.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N. 2004 [1967]. “O termine etnos.” In Etnosfera. Istoriia liudei i istoriia prirody, 3855. Moscow: AST.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N., and Balashov, D. M. 1993. “V kakoe vremia my zhivem?” In Ritmy Evrazii. Epokhi i tsvilizatsiia, 133160. Moscow: Ekopros.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N., and Ermolaev, V. Iu. 1993. “Gore ot illiuzii.” In Ritmy Evrazii, 174187. Moscow: Ekopros.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N., and Ivanov, K. P. 1992. “Etnicheskie protsessy: dva podkhoda k izucheniiu.” Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniia 1: 5057.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N., and Okladnikov, A. P. 1982. “Fenomen kul'tury malykh narodov Severa.” Dekorativnoe Iskusstvo 8: 23–28. Accessed May 17, 2014. http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/articles/Article102.htm.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N., and Panchenko, A. M. 1990. Chtoby svecha ne pogasla. Dialog. Leningrad: Sovetskii Pisatel'.Google Scholar
Gumilev, Lev. n.d. Metapedia. Accessed December 1, 2014. http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Lev_Gumilev.Google Scholar
Gumileva, N. V. 2003. “15 Iiunia.” In Vspominaia L. N. Gumileva. Vospominaniia. Publikatsii. Issledovaniia, edited by Voronovich, V. N. and Kozyreva, M. G., 1321. St. Petersburg: Rostok.Google Scholar
Harding, Luke. 2014. “We should Beware Russia's Links with Europe's Right.” The Guardian, December 8. Accessed December 30, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/08/russia-europe-right-putin-front-national-eu.Google Scholar
Hirsch, Francine. 2004. Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. London: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Ivanov, K. P. 1985. “Vzgliady na etnografiiu ili est’ li v sovetskoi nauke dva ucheniia ob etnose.” Izvestiia Vsesoiuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva 117 (3): 232238.Google Scholar
Ivanov, Vladimir. 2007. Alexander Dugin und die rechtsextremen Netzwerke. Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag.Google Scholar
Jackson, Paul. 2006. “The New Age.” In World Fascism. A Historical Encyclopedia, edited by Blamires, Cyprian P. and Jackson, Paul, Vol. 2, 463464. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-Clio.Google Scholar
Karklins, Rasma. 2000. “Ethno-pluralism: Panacea for East Central Europe?Nationalities Papers 28 (2): 219241.Google Scholar
Keating, Joshua. 2014. “From Russia with Cash.” Slate, November 26. Accessed December 30, 2014. http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2014/11/26/from_russia_with_cash.html.Google Scholar
Kochanek, Hildegard. 1998. “Die Ethnienlehre Lev N. Gumilevs: Zu den Anfängen neu-rechter Ideologie-Entwicklung im spätkommunistischen Russland.” Osteuropa 48 (11–12): 11841197.Google Scholar
Kochanek, Hildegard. 1999. Die russisch-nationale Rechte von 1968 bis zum Ende der Sowjetunion. Eine Diskursanalyse. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Kosiek, Rolf. 1991. “Die Wirklichkeit des Volken in der modernen Welt.” In Muktikultopia: Gedanken zur multikulturellen Gesellschaft, edited by Ulbrich, Stefan, 109136. Vilsbiburg: Arun.Google Scholar
Kosiek, Rolf. 1999. Völker statt One World. Das Volk im Spiegel der Wissenschaft. Tübingen: Grabert.Google Scholar
Kozlov, S. Ia. 2003. Akademik Iu.V. Bromlei i otechestvennaia etnologiia, 1969–1990-e gody. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Krebs, Pierre. 1994. Das Thule-Seminar: Geistesgegenwart der Zukunft in der Morgenröte des Ethnos. Horn: Burkhart Weeke Verlag.Google Scholar
Krebs, Pierre. 2012. Fighting for the Essence. Western Ethnosuicide or European Renaissance? Translated by Alexander Jacob. London: Arktos.Google Scholar
Krebs, Pierre. 2013. “L'avènement de l'ethno-socialisme.” EURO-SYNERGIES. Accessed November 7, 2014. http://euro-synergies.hautetfort.com/archive/2013/03/22/p-krebs-l-avenement-de-l-ethno-socialisme.html.Google Scholar
Kuz'min, Mikhail. 1998. “Social Genetics and Organizational Science.” In Alexander Bogdanov and the Origins of Systems Thinking in Russia, edited by John Biggart, Peter Dudley and King, Francis, 278303. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Laqueur, Walter. 1993. Black Hundred. The Rise of the Extreme Right in Russia. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Laqueur, Walter. 1996. Fascism: Past, Present and Future. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lariuel', M. 2006. “Opyt sravnitel'nogo analiza teorii etnosa L'va Gumileva i zapadnykh novykh pravykh.” Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie 3: 226–239. Accessed July 11, 2014. http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/ZIMOS/forum/docs/forumruss11/a10LaruellGumilev.pdf.Google Scholar
Laruelle, Marlène. 2000. “Lev Nikolaevic Gumilev (1912–1992): biologisme et eurasisme dans la penseé russe.” Revue des Études Slaves 72 (1–2): 163189.Google Scholar
Laruelle, Marlène. n.d. “Aleksandr Dugin: A Russian Version of the European Radical Right?” Kennan Institute Occasional Papers, No. 272.Google Scholar
Lausberg, Michael. 2014. “Irinäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Steigbügelhalter für die extreme Rechte?” Tabularasa 100. Accessed October 19, 2014. http://www.tabularasa-jena.de/artikel/artikel_5607/.Google Scholar
Lavrov, S. B. 2000. Lev Gumilev: Sud'ba i idei. Moscow: Svarog i K.Google Scholar
Lindholm, Charles, and Pedro Zúquete, José. 2010. The Struggle for the World. Liberation Movements in the 21st Century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lobashev, M. E. 1961. “Signal'naia nasledstvennost'.” In Issledovaniia po genetike, edited by Lobashev, M. E., Vyp. 1, 711. Leningrad: Iz-vo Lenin. Gos. Un-ta.Google Scholar
Lobashev, M. E. 1967. Genetika. Leningrad: Leningrad. Gos. Un-t.Google Scholar
Lorenz, Konrad. 1963. Das sogenannte Böse. Zur Naturgeschichte der Aggression. Vienna: G. Borotha-Schoeler.Google Scholar
Lorenz, Konrad. 1983. Der Abbau des Menschlichen. Munich: Piper.Google Scholar
Meyerson, Harold. 2013. “Pat Buchanan, Vladimir Putin and Strange Bedfellows.” Washington Post, December 27. Accessed December 30, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/harold-meyerson-pat-buchanan-vladimir-putin-and-strange-bedfellows/2013/12/24/f8159f22–68bf-11e3-a0b9–249bbb34602c_story.html.Google Scholar
Michurin, V. A. 2004. “Slovar’ poniatii i terminov teorii etnogeneza L. N. Gumileva.” In Etnosfera. Istoriia liudei i istoriia prirody, 517572. Moscow: AST.Google Scholar
Moreau, Patrick. 1983. “Die neue Religion der Rasse: der Biologismus und die neue kollektive Ethik der Neuen Rechten in Frankreich und Deutschland.” In Neokonservative und Neue Rechte: der Angriff gegen Sozialstaat und liberale Demokratie in den Vereinigten Staaten, Westeuropa und der Bundesrepublik, edited by Fetscher, Iring, 122162. Munich: Beck.Google Scholar
Morris, Alan G. 2012. “Biological Anthropology at the Southern Tip of Africa: Carrying European Baggage in an African Context.” Current Anthropolgy 53 (Supplement 5): S152–S160.Google Scholar
O'Meara, Michael. 2006. “Benoist's Pluriversuman Ethnonationalist Critique.” Accessed October 23, 2014. http://www.newrightausnz.com/2006/03/29/benoists-pluriversuman-ethnonationalist-critique-by-michael-omeara/.Google Scholar
O'Meara, Michael. 2013a. Guillaume Faye and the Battle of Europe. London: Arktos.Google Scholar
O'Meara, Michael. 2013b. New Culture, New Right: Anti-Liberalism in Postmodern Europe. 2nd ed. London: Arktos.Google Scholar
Onoprienko, Iu. I. 2013. “Analiz kontseptsii etnogeneza L. N. Gumilev s positsii sistemno-informatsionnoi metodologii.” Visnik Natsional'nogo aviatsiinogo universitetu 2 (18): 1725.Google Scholar
Orenstein, Mitchell A. 2014. “Putin's Western Allies: Why Europe's Far Right Is on the Kremlin's Side.” Foreign Affairs, March 25. Accessed December 30, 2014. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/141067/mitchell-a-orenstein/putins-western-allies.Google Scholar
Parland, Thomas. 2005. The Extreme Nationalist Threat in Russia: The Growing Influence of Western Rightist Ideas. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pavochka, S. G. 2011. L. N. Gumilev: istoki i sushchnost'. Grodno: IGAU.Google Scholar
Polyakova, Alina. 2014. “Strange Bedfellows: Putin and Europe's Far Right.” World Affairs, September–October. Accessed December 30, 2014. http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/strange-bedfellows-putin-and-europe%E2%80%99s-far-right.Google Scholar
Ratzel, Friedrich. 1901. Der Lebensraum. Eine biogeographische Studie. Tübingen: Laupp'sche Buchhandlung.Google Scholar
Rogachevskii, Andrei. 2001. “Lev Gumilev i evreiskii vopros (po lichnym vospominaniiam).” Solnechnoe Spletenie 18/19: 358368.Google Scholar
Sautreuil, Pierre. 2014. “With A Far-Right Band of Frenchmen Fighting In Ukraine.” Worldcrunch, September 4. Accessed December 30, 2014. http://www.worldcrunch.com/ukraine-winter/with-a-far-right-band-of-frenchmen-fighting-in-ukraine/far-right-nationalism-mercenaries-separatists-soldiers-/c20s16888/-.VKMWFRF3c6V Google Scholar
Savel'ev, A. N. 2010. Obraz vraga. Rasologiia i politicheskaia antropologiia. 2nd ed. Moscow: Belye Al'vy.Google Scholar
Schlembach, Raphael. 2013. “Alain de Benoist's Anti-Political Philosophy beyond Left and Right: Non-Emancipatory Responses to Globalisation and Crisis.” Centre for the Study of Social and Global Justice, University of Nottingham, Working Paper No. 22.Google Scholar
Schwidetzky, Ilse. 1950. Grundzüge der Völkerbiologie. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag.Google Scholar
Schwidetzky, Ilse, ed. 1962. Die neue Rassenkunde. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.Google Scholar
Schwidetzky, Ilse. 1979. Rassen und Rassenbildung beim Menschen. Stuttgart-New York: Fischer.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, Mark. 2004. Against the Modern World. Traditionalism and the Secret History of the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Servettaz, Elena. 2014. “Putin's Far-Right Friends in Europe.” Institute of Modern Russia, January 16. Accessed December 30, 2014. http://imrussia.org/en/russia-and-the-world/645-putins-far-right-friends-in-europe.Google Scholar
Sharp, John. 1981. “The Roots and Development of Volkekunde in South Africa.” Journal of South African Studies 8 (1): 1636.Google Scholar
Sharp, John. 2002. “Anthropology in South Africa.” In The Best of Anthropology today, edited by Benthall, Jonathan, 245253. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shekhovtsov, Anton. 2009. “Aleksandr Dugin's Neo-Eurasianism; The New Right a la Russe.” Religion Compass 3 (4): 697716.Google Scholar
Shekhovtsov, Anton. 2014. “The Kremlin's Marriage of Convenience with the European Far Right.” OpenDemocracy, April 28. Accessed October 20, 2014. https://http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/anton-shekhovtsov/kremlin%E2%80%99s-marriage-of-convenience-with-european-far-right.Google Scholar
Shekhovtsov, Anton, and Umland, Andreas. 2009. “Is Aleksandr Dugin a Traditionalist? ‘Neo-Eurasianism’ and Perennial Philosophy.” Russian Review 68: 662678.Google Scholar
Shenfield, Stephen D. 2001. Russian Fascism. Traditions, Tendencies, Movements. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Shitikhin, P. 2012. “Sravnitel'nyi analiz istoriosofskikh vzgliadov N. Ia. Danilevskogo i L. N. Gumileva.” Avtoreferat kand. diss., Moskovskaia Dukhovnaia Akademiia, Moscow.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A. 2005. “Politics of Ethnogenesis in the USSR and After.” Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology 30 (1): 93119.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A. 2007. “The Story of a Euphemism: The Khazars in Russian Nationalist Literature.” In The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives, edited by Peter Goldern, Haggai Ben-Shammai, and Rona-Tas, Anadrs, 353372. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Simon, Gerhard. 1991. Nationalism and Policy toward the Nationalities in the Soviet Union. From Totalitarian Dictatorship to Post-Stalinist Society. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Skalnik, Peter. 1988. “Union soviétique – Afrique du Sud: les ‘théories’ d l'etnos'.” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 28 (2): 157176.Google Scholar
Slezkine, Yuri. 1996. “N. Ia. Marr and the National Origins of Soviet Ethnogenetics.” Slavic Review 55 (4): 826862.Google Scholar
Smith, Woodruff D. 1980. “Friedrich Ratzel and the Origin of Lebensraum.“ German Studies Review 3: 5168.Google Scholar
Soborski, Rafal. 2013. Ideology in a Global Age. Continuity and Change. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Spektorowski, Alberto. 2000. “The French New Right: Differentialism and the Idea of Ethnophilian Exclusionism.” Polity 33 (2): 283303.Google Scholar
Spektorowski, Alberto. 2003a. “Ethnoregionalism: The Intellectual New Right and the Lega Nord.” Global Review of Ethnopolitics 2 (3): 5570.Google Scholar
Spektorowski, Alberto. 2003b. “The New Right: Ethno-regionalism, Ethno-Pluralism and the Emergence of a Neo-Fascist ‘Third Way'.” Journal of Political Ideologies 8 (1): 111130.Google Scholar
Spektorowski, Alberto. 2007. “Ethnoregionalism, Multicultural Nationalism and the Idea of the European Third Way.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 7 (3): 4563.Google Scholar
Spengler, Oswald. 1918–1923. Der Untergang des Abendlandes. Umrisse einer Morphologie der Weltgeschichte. 2 vols. Vienna: Braumüller, C. H. Beck.Google Scholar
Steuckers, Robert. 2014. “Answers to the Questions of Pavel Tulaev.” Accessed January 7, 2014. http://robertsteuckers.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/answers-to-questions-of-pavel-tulaev.html.Google Scholar
Steuckers, Robert. n.d. “Foundations of Russian Nationalism.” Accessed November 26, 2014. http://www.counter-currents.com/2014/04/foundations-of-russian-nationalism-2/.Google Scholar
Taguieff, Pierre-André. 1985. “Le néo-racisme différentialiste. Sur l'ambiguïté d'une évidence commune et ses effets pervers.” Langage et société 34: 6998.Google Scholar
Taguieff, Pierre-André. 1994. Sur la Nouvelle Droite. Jalons d'une analyse critique. Paris: Descartes et CIa.Google Scholar
Thompson, Terry L. 1989. Ideology and Policy. The Political Uses of Doctrine in the Soviet Union. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
Tishkov, V. A. 1996. “Post-Soviet Nationalism.” In Europe's New Nationalism: States and Minorities in Conflict, edited by Caplan, Richard and Feffer, John, 2341. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tönnies, Ferdinand. 1887. Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. Abhandlung des Communismus und des Socialismus als empirischer Culturformen. Leipzig: Fues's Verlag.Google Scholar
Tudor, Lucian. 2014. “The Philosophy of Identity: Ethnicity, Culture and Race in Identitarian Thought.” Occidental Quarterly 14 (3): 83112.Google Scholar
“UK Far-Right Leader Farage Calls for Alliance with Russia.” 2014. World Bulletin, September 16. Accessed December 30, 2014. http://www.worldbulletin.net/news/144501/uk-far-right-leader-farage-calls-for-alliance-with-russia.Google Scholar
Umland, Andreas. 2004. “Kulturhegemoniale Strategien der russischen extremen Rechten: Die Verbindung von faschistischer Ideologie und metapolitischer Taktik im “Neoeurasismus” des Aleksandr Dugin.” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 33 (4): 437454.Google Scholar
Umland, Andreas. 2006. “Classification, Julius Evola and the Nature of Dugin's Ideology.” In Fascism: Past and Present, East and West, edited by Roger Griffin, Werner Loh, and Umland, Andreas, 486494. Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag.Google Scholar
Verslius, Arthur, and de Benoist, Alain. 2014. “A Conversation with Alain de Benoist.” Journal for the Study of Radicalism 8 (2): 79106.Google Scholar
Von Bertalanffy, Ludwig. 1968. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. New York: George Braziller.Google Scholar
Waldmann, Gert. 1973. “Verhaltensforschung und Politik.” In Europäischer Nationalismus ist Fortschritt, 1747. Hamburg: Verlag Deutsch-Europäischer Studien.Google Scholar
Wolin, Richard. 2004. The Seduction of Unreason. The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wolter, Helmut. 1940. Volk im Aufstieg. Neue Ergebnisse der Volksbiologie Grossdeutschlands. Leipzig: H. Eichblatt.Google Scholar
Yanov, Alexander. 1978. The Russian New Right. Right-Wing Ideologies in the Contemporary USSR. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California.Google Scholar