Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T13:12:37.188Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nationalism and socialism: “Phase D” in the Belarusian nation-building

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Nelly Bekus
Nelly Bekus*
Affiliation:
University of Warsaw, Poland
*
*Email: bekusn@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article presents the history of Belarusian national development in the light of Miroslav Hroch's theory and demonstrates how the initial process of national awakening typical for small nations in eastern and central Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century described by M. Hroch continued under Soviet rule after the Bolshevik revolution. Changes which were brought to Belarusian society together with socialist modernization in the Soviet state constituted “Phase D” (a term coined by Terry Martin) in Belarusian nation-building. As the history of Belarusian nation-formation illustrates, Hroch's scheme of three phases of national movements within small nations ignored a specific mode of small nations’ development in a multiethnic state and within the socialist formation. At the same time, the question about the status of the Soviet era's achievements in Belarusian national development appears to be an important issue for understanding the current political development in the country.

Keywords

Miroslav HrochBelarusnation-builidingpostcommunism
Type
Articles
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 38 , Issue 6: Special Issue: Twenty-Five Years of A-B-C: Miroslav Rrocr's Impact on Nationalism Studies, Guest Editor: Alexander Maxwell , November 2010 , pp. 829 - 846
Copyright
Copyright © 2010 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akudovich, Valiantsin. Kod Adsutnastsi. Minsk: wyd. LP. Logvinau, 2007. Print.Google Scholar
Arlou, Uladzimir, and Saganovich, Genadz. Dzesiats’ viakou belaruskai gistoryi 862—1918. Vilnia: Nasha Buduchynia, 1999. Print.Google Scholar
Babkou, Ihar. “Genealogia belaruskai idei.” ARCHE 3 (2005): 136–66. Print.Google Scholar
Beissinger, Mark. “How Nationalisms Spread: Eastern Europe Adrift the Tides and Cycles of Nationalist Contention.” Social Research 59.1 (1996): 97–146. Print.Google Scholar
Bekus, Nelly. Struggle over Identity: The Official and the Alternative Belarusianness. Budapest; New York: Central European Press, 2010. Print.Google Scholar
Bremmer, Ian. “Reasserting Soviet Nationalities Theory.” Nations, Politics in the Soviet Successors States. Eds. Bremmer, Ian and Taras, Roy. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. 3–28. Print.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. Nationalism Reframed. Nationhood and the Nationalism Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996. Print.Google Scholar
Carrère D'Encausse, Hélène. The Great Challenge: Nationalities and the Bolshevik State, 1917–1939. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1992. Print.Google Scholar
Dawisha, Karen, and Parrot, Bruce. Russia and the New States of Eurasia: The Politics of Upheaval. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994. Print.Google Scholar
Deutsch, Karl W. Nationalism and Social Communication: An Enquiry into the Foundations of Nationality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1953. Print.Google Scholar
Dubavets, Siarhei. “Praekt Belarus'.” ARCHE 1 (2005): 161–71. Print.Google Scholar
“Gdie konchaetsia Evropa.” Independent Institute of Social-Economic and Political Studies (IISEPS). Web. 15 July 2010.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest. “The Coming of Nationalism and its Interpretation: The Myths of Nation and Class.” Mapping the Nation, Ed. Balakrishnan, G., London: Verso, 1996. 98–145. Print.Google Scholar
“Glavnye printsipy gosudarstvennoi politiki Respubliki Belarus.”’ Web. 11 July 2010.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. Nations and Nationalism since 1780 Program, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990. Print.Google Scholar
Hroch, Miroslav. “From National Movement to the Fully Formed Nation: the Nation–building Process in Europe.” Becoming National. Eds. Eley, G. and Suny, R.G. Oxford New York: Oxford UP, 1996. 60–77. Print.Google Scholar
Hroch, Miroslav. Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985. Print.Google Scholar
Ihnatouski, Usevalad. Karotki narys gistoryi Belarusi. Minsk: Belarus, 1991. Print.Google Scholar
Ioffe, Grigory. “Culture Wars, Soul-Searching, and Belarusian Identity.” East European Politics and Societies 21.2 (2007): 348–81. Print.Google Scholar
Ioffe, Grigory. “Understanding Belarus: Economy and Political Landscape.” Europe-Asia Studies 56.1 (2004): 85–118. Print.Google Scholar
Konan, Uladzimir. “Arkhetypy belaruskaga mentalitetu: sproba rekanstruktsyi pavodle natsiianal'nai mifalogii i kazachnaga epasu.” Belarusika Albaruthenica 2 (1992): 18–28. Print.Google Scholar
Krutalevich, Valery. Rozhdenie Belorusskoi Sovetskoi Respubliki, Razvertyvanie natsionalnogosudarstvennogo stroitelstva. Noiabr 1918–fevral 1919. Minsk: Nauka i tekhnika, 1979. Print.Google Scholar
Kupchan, Charles. “Introduction: Nationalism Resurgent.” Nationalism and Nationalities in the New Europe. Ed. Kupchan, Charles, Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1995. 1–14. Print.Google Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii. Vol. 24. Moscow: State Printers of Political Literature, 1961. Print.Google Scholar
Lubachko, Ivan. Belorussia under Soviet Rule (1917–1957). Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1972. Print.Google Scholar
Lukashenka, Alaksandr. “Doklad na seminare rukovodiashchikh rabotnikov po ideologicheskoi rabote.” 27 March 2003. Web. 14 July 2010.Google Scholar
Mac Laughlin, Jim. Reimagining the Nation-State. The Contested Terrains of Nation-Buildings. London: Pluto, 2001. Print.Google Scholar
Marples, David. “History and Politics in Post-Soviet Belarus: The Foundations.” Contemporary Belarus: Between Democracy and Dictatorship. Eds. Korosteleva, Elena. Lawson, Colin, and Marsh, Rosalind. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. 21–35. Print.Google Scholar
Martin, Terry. The Affirmative Action Empire Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2001. Print.Google Scholar
Mironowicz, Eugeniusz. Białoruś. Historia państw świata w XX wieku. Warsaw: TRIO, 1999. Print.Google Scholar
Mironowicz, Eugeniusz. “Białorusini wobec państwa polskiego w latach 1918–1925.” Bialoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne 1 (1994). Web. 15 July 2010.Google Scholar
Mironowicz, Eugeniusz. “Kształtowanie się struktury narodowościowej w BSSR (1921–1939).” Bialoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne 22 (2004). Web. 15 July 2010.Google Scholar
Moore, Barrington Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979. Print.Google Scholar
Nedasek, N. Bolshevism in the Revolutionary Movement of Belorussia. Munich: Institute for the Study of the USSR, 1956. Print.Google Scholar
Rubinau, Anatoly. “Eshche raz ob ideologii.” Sovetskaia Belorussia 28 (2006): 2–3. Web.Google Scholar
Schöpflin, G. “Nationalism and Ethnicity in Europe, East and West.” Nationalism and Nationalities in the New Europe. Ed. Kupchan, Charles. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 1995. 37–56. Print.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony. Myths and Memories of the Nation. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. Print.Google Scholar
Snyder, Timothy. The Reconstruction of Nations Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999. New Haven: Yale UP, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
Suny, Ronald. The Revenge of the Past, Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1993. Print.Google Scholar
Szporluk, Roman. Communism and Nationalism: Karl Marx and Friedrich List. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988. Print.Google Scholar
Vakar, Nicholas P. Belorussia. The Making of a Nation. A Case Study. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1956. Print.Google Scholar
Vishnevsky, Anatoly. “Modernization and counter-modernization in Russia.” Russia in Global Affairs 4.2 (2006): 8–22. Print.Google Scholar
Zaprudnik, Jan. Belarus at a Crossroad in History. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993. Print.Google Scholar
Zenkovich, Nikolai. Ch'ia Belarus'. Mockva: MK-Periodika, 2002. Print.Google Scholar