Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T11:47:13.675Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Determinants of Turkey’s foreign aid behavior

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 June 2019

Hüseyin Zengin  and
Abdurrahman Korkmaz
Hüseyin Zengin
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh, USAhuseyin.zengin@pitt.edu
Abdurrahman Korkmaz
Affiliation:
Department of Economics, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, Turkeyabdurrahman.korkmaz@ikc.edu.tr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper analyzes a hundred Turkish aid recipient countries in order to explore the determinants of Turkey’s foreign aid behavior during the period 2005–2016. By estimating the model with the system-GMM estimator, it is demonstrated that Turkey is a regular donor whose amount of foreign aid is positively influenced by the export-based embeddedness of Turkish firms in the recipient countries. Recipients with low levels of per-capita income attract more Turkish aid. However, this income’s effect diminishes in states that were formerly part of Ottoman territory. Recipient countries in an aid relationship with OECD-DAC members also receive more foreign aid from Turkey. In addition, Turkey disburses more foreign aid to recipient countries that can be classified as Turkic republics. Turkish foreign aid behavior is also motivated by Ottomanism, especially in the Balkans and Eastern Europe. Finally, and interestingly, although Islam has a considerable impact on attracting Turkish aid overall, this impact disappears in former Ottoman states and Turkic republics.

Keywords

Foreign aidIslamismOttomanismrising donors
Type
Articles
Information
New Perspectives on Turkey , Volume 60 , May 2019 , pp. 109 - 135
Check for updates
Copyright
© New Perspectives on Turkey and Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alesina, Alberto and Dollar, David. “Who Gives Aid to Whom and Why?” Journal of Economic Growth 5, no. 1 (2000): 33–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, Abdiweli M. and Said Isse, Hodan. “An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Foreign Aid: A Panel Approach.” International Advances in Economic Research 12, no. 2 (2006): 241–250.Google Scholar
Altunışık, Meliha Benli. “Turkey as an ‘Emerging Donor’ and the Arab Uprisings.” Mediterranean Politics 19, no. 3 (2014): 333–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aras, Bülent and Akpınar, Pınar. “The Role of Humanitarian NGOs in Turkey’s Peacebuilding.” International Peacekeeping 22, no. 3 (2015): 230–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arellano, Manuel and Bover, Olympia. “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-components Models.” Journal of Econometrics 68, no. 1 (1995): 29–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bacık, Gökhan and Afacan, İsa. “Turkey Discovers Sub-Saharan Africa: The Critical Role of Agents in the Construction of Turkish Foreign Policy Discourse.” Turkish Studies 14, no. 3 (2013): 483–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balla, Eliana and Reinhardt, Gina Yannitell. “Giving and Receiving Foreign Aid: Does Conflict Count?” World Development 36, no. 12 (2008): 2566–2585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu and Vermann, E. Katarina. “Donor Motives for Foreign Aid.” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 95, no. 4 (2013): 327–336.Google Scholar
Bayer, Reşat and Keyman, E. Fuat. “Turkey: An Emerging Hub of Globalization and Internationalist Humanitarian Actor.” Globalizations 9, no. 1 (2012): 73–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayulgen, Oksan, Arbatli, Ekim, and Canbolat, Sercan. “Elite Survival Strategies and Authoritarian Reversal in Turkey.” Polity 50, no. 3 (2018): 333–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bearce, David H. and Tirone, Danial. “Foreign Aid Effectiveness and the Strategic Goals of Donor Governments.” The Journal of Politics 72, no. 3 (2010): 837–851.Google Scholar
Bilgin, Pınar and Bilgiç, Ali. “Turkey’s ‘New’ Foreign Policy toward Eurasia.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 52, no. 2 (2011): 173–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackman, Alexandra Domike. “Religion and Foreign Aid.” Politics and Religion 11, no. 3 (2018): 522–552.Google Scholar
Blundell, Richard and Bond, Stephen. “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models.” Journal of Econometrics 87, no. 1 (1998): 115–143.Google Scholar
Bond, Stephen R. “Dynamic Panel Data Models: A Guide to Micro Data Methods and Practice.” Portuguese Economic Journal 1, no. 2 (2002): 141–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buğra, Ayşe and Savaşkan, Osman. New Capitalism in Turkey: The Relationship between Politics, Religion and Business. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2014.Google Scholar
Çevik, Senem B. “How Can Turkey’s Foreign Aid Be More Visible?” CPD Blog, September 21, 2015. https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/how-can-turkey%e2%80%99s-foreign-aid-be-more-visible.Google Scholar
Çevik, Senem B.. “Turkey’s State-Based Foreign Aid: Narrating Turkey’s Story.” Rising Powers Quarterly 1, no. 2 (2016): 55–67.Google Scholar
Davutoğlu, Ahmet. “Turkey’s Humanitarian Diplomacy: Objectives, Challenges and Prospects.” The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 41, no. 6 (2013): 865–870.Google Scholar
Fidan, Hakan and Nurdun, Rahman. “Turkey’s Role in the Development Assistance Community: The Case of TIKA.” Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans Online 10, no. 1 (2008): 93–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furuoka, Fumitaka. “Determinants of China’s and Japan’s Foreign Aid Allocations in Africa.” African Development Review 29, no. 3 (2017): 376–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilley, Bruce. “Turkey, Middle Powers, and the New Humanitarianism.” Perceptions 20, no. 1 (2015): 37–58.Google Scholar
Gray, Kevin and Gills, Barry K.. “South-South Cooperation and the Rise of the Global South.” Third World Quarterly 37, no. 4 (2016): 557–574 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ongur, Hakan Övünç. “Identifying Ottomanisms: The Discursive Evolution of Ottoman Pasts in the Turkish Presents.” Middle Eastern Studies 15, no. 3 (2013): 1 Google Scholar
Haşimi, Cemalettin. “Turkey’s Humanitarian Diplomacy and Development Cooperation.” Insight Turkey 16, no. 1 (2014): 127–145 Google Scholar
Hausman, Jeannine and Lundsgaarde, Erik. Turkey’s Role in Development Cooperation. Tokyo: UNU-CPR, 2015.Google Scholar
Hausman, Jeannine. Turkey as a Donor Country and Potential Partner in Triangular Cooperation. Bonn: German Development Institute, 2014).Google Scholar
Jones, Sam and Tarp, Finn. “Does Foreign Aid Harm Political Institutions?” Journal of Development Economics 118 (2016): 266–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kardaş, Şaban. Turkey’s Development Assistance Policy: How to Make Sense of the New Guy on the Block. Ankara: The German Marshall Fund, 2013.Google Scholar
Kavaklı, Kerim Can. “Domestic Politics and the Motives of Emerging Donors: Evidence from Turkish Foreign Aid.” Political Research Quarterly 71, no. 3 (2018): 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Eun Mee. “Determinants of Foreign Aid: The Case of South Korea.” Journal of East Asian Studies 12, no. 2 (2012): 251–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulaklıkaya, Musa and Nurdun, Rahman. “Turkey as a New Player in Development Cooperation.” Insight Turkey 12, no. 4 (2010): 131–145.Google Scholar
Leite, Iara Costa, Pomeroy, Melissa, and Suyama, Bianca. “Brazilian South-South Development Cooperation: The Case of the Ministry of Social Development in Africa.” Journal of International Development 27, no. 8 (2015): 1446–1461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masud, Nadia and Yontcheva, Boriana. “Does Foreign Aid Reduce Poverty? Empirical Evidence from Nongovernmental and Bilateral Aid.” IMF Working Paper No. 05/100.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. “Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach.” Journal of Common Market Studies 31, no. 4 (1993): 473–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moudouros, Nikos. “The ‘Harmonization’ of Islam with the Neoliberal Transformation: The Case of Turkey.” Globalizations 11, no. 6 (2014): 843–857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murinson, Alexander. “The Strategic Depth of Turkish Foreign Policy.” Middle Eastern Studies 42, no. 6 (2006): 945–964.Google Scholar
Nelson, Lynn D. “Religion and Foreign Aid Provision: A Comparative Analysis of Advanced Market Nations.” Sociological Analysis 49, Supplement: Presidential Issue (1988): 49S–63S.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). “Aid (ODA) Disbursements to Countries and Regions [DAC2a].” https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLE2A.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). “Rome Declaration on Harmonisation.” HLF1: The First High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Rome, February 24–25, 2003. http://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/31451637.pdf.Google Scholar
Ongur, Hakan Övünç. “Identifying Ottomanisms: The Discursive Evolution of Ottoman Pasts in the Turkish Presents.” Middle Eastern Studies 15, no. 3 (2013): 1–17.Google Scholar
Ongur, Hakan Övünç and Zengin, Hüseyin. “Transforming Habitus of the Foreign Policy: A Bourdieusian Analysis of Turkey as an Emerging Middle Power.” Rising Powers Quarterly 1, no. 2 (2016): 117–133.Google Scholar
Öniş, Ziya. “The Triumph of Conservative Globalism: The Political Economy of the AKP Era.” Turkish Studies 13, no. 2 (2012): 135–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özatalay, Cem. “How to Make the Economy ‘Embedded’ in Turkey? One Question, Two Contradictory Answers.” SASE 23rd Annual Conference, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, June 23–25, 2011, “Institution Building under Neoliberal Globalization” session.Google Scholar
Özatalay, Cem. “Turkey, Davutoğlu, and the Idea of Pan-Islamism.” Survival: Global Politics and Society 56, no. 4 (2014): 119–140.Google Scholar
Özkan, Mehmet. “Does ‘Rising Power’ Mean ‘Rising Donor’? Turkey’s Development Aid in Africa.” Africa Review 5, no. 2 (2013):139–147.Google Scholar
Özkan, Mehmet. Turkey’s Involvement in Somalia: Assessment of a State-Building in Progress. Ankara: SETA, 2014.Google Scholar
Roodman, David. “How to Do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata.” Stata Journal 9, no. 1 (2009): 86–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weck-Hanneman, Hannelore and Schneider, Friedrich. “Determinants of Foreign Aid under Alternative Institutional Arrangements.” Working Paper. Diskussionsbeiträge: Serie II, Sonderforschungsbereich 178 “Internationalisierung der Wirtschaft,” Universität Konstanz 66.Google Scholar
Wolfish, Daniel and Smith, Gordon. “Governance and Policy in a Multicentric World.” Canadian Public Policy 26, Supplement: The Trends Project (2000): S51–S72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, Ngaire. “Whose Aid? Whose Influence? China, Emerging Donors, and the Silent Revolution in Development Assistance.” International Affairs 84, no. 6 (2008): 1205–1221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windmeijer, Frank. “A Finite Sample Correction for the Variance of Linear Efficient Two-step GMM Estimators.” Journal of Econometrics 126, no. 1 (2005): 25–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yıldırım, Mustafa. “Accuracy in Contests: Players’ Perspective.” Review of Economic Design 19, no. 1 (2015): 67–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yıldırım, Mustafa.. “Pre-contest Communication Incentives.” The BE Journal of Theoretical Economics 18, no. 1 (2017): 1–21.Google Scholar
Younas, Javed. “Motivation for Bilateral Aid Allocation: Altruism or Trade Benefits.” European Journal of Political Economy 24, no. 3 (2008): 661–674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarakol, Ayşe. Yenilgiden Sonra: Doğu Batı ile Yaşamayı Nasıl Öğrendi. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2012.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Zengin and Korkmaz supplementary material

Zengin and Korkmaz supplementary material 1

Download Zengin and Korkmaz supplementary material(File)
File 22 KB
Supplementary material: File

Zengin and Korkmaz supplementary material

Zengin and Korkmaz supplementary material 2

Download Zengin and Korkmaz supplementary material(File)
File 26 KB