Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T11:44:08.578Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Feminization of poverty: Does it really exist in Turkey?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2015

Ummuhan Gökovalı
Affiliation:
Muğla University, Economics Department, Kötekli, Muğla, ummuhan@mu.edu.tr
Aysun Danışman
Affiliation:
Muğla University, Economics Department, Kötekli, Muğla, aysund@mu.edu.tr

Abstract

This paper discusses two issues, the first being whether “feminization of poverty” in Turkey exists at all, and the second the reasons behind the feminization of poverty. The Household Budget Survey (HBS) for the years 2004 and 2006 serves as data to investigate similarities and contrasts between men and women in terms of poverty and other socioeconomic and demographic factors. Furthermore, econometric estimation techniques (logit and probit) have been employed to find out the determinants of poverty for men and women separately and together. Findings indicate that feminization of poverty does indeed exist in Turkey; however, a number of social, economic and demographic factors are universal determinants of poverty indifferent to sex.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © New Perspectives on Turkey 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adaman, Fikret, and Keyder, Çağlar. “Türkiye'nin Büyük Kentlerinin Gecekondu ve Çöküntü Mahallelerinde Yaşanan Yoksulluk ve Sosyal Dışlanma.” Tes-İş Dergisi (2007): 8389.Google Scholar
Aksu, Bora. “Olmayanın Nesini idare Edeceksin? Yoksulluk, Kadınlar ve Hane.” In Yoksulluk Halleri: Türkiye'de Kent Yoksulluğunun Toplumsal Görünümleri, edited by Erdoğan, Necmi. İstanbul: de ki, 2002.Google Scholar
Almquist, Elizabeth M.Labor Market Gender Inequality in Minority Croups.” Gender and Society 1, no. 4 (1987): 400–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buğra, Ayşe, and Keyder, Çağlar. “New Poverty and the Changing Welfare Regime of Turkey.” UNDP Report, 2003.Google Scholar
Buğra Kavala, Ayşe, and Keyder, Çağlar. “Kent Nüfusunun En Yoksul Kesiminin İstihdam Yapısı ve Geçinme Yöntemleri.” TÜBİTAK Projesi, 2008.Google Scholar
Casper, Lynne M., McLanahan, Sara S., and Garfinkel, Irwin. “The Gender-Poverty Cap: What We Can Learn from Other Countries.” American Sociological Review 59, no. 4 (1994): 594605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celasun, Merih. “Income Distribution and Domestic Terms of Trade in Turkey, 1978-1983: Estimated Measures of Inequality and Poverty.” METU Development Studies 13, no. 1-2 (1986): 193216.Google Scholar
Chant, Sylvia. “New Contributions to the Analysis of Poverty: Methodological and Conceptual Challenges to Understanding Poverty from a Gender Perspective.” Santiago de Chile: Unidad Mujer y Desarrollo, 2003.Google Scholar
Buğra Kavala, Ayşe, and Keyder, Çağlar. “Re-Thinking the “Feminization of Poverty” in Relation to Aggregate Gender Indices.” Journal of Human Development, 7, no. 1 (2006): 201–20.Google Scholar
Daly, Mary. “Europe's Poor Women? Gender in Research on Poverty.” European Sociological Review 8, no. 1 (1992): 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dansuk, Ercan. “Türkiye'de Yoksulluğun Ölçülmesi ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapılarla İlişkisi.” Thesis for Planning Expertise, Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, 1997.Google Scholar
Dikbayır, Gülfer. “Gender and Poverty: Further Data Requirement to Measure the Gender Dimension of Extent and Incidence of Poverty.” (2000), http://www.portal-stat.admin.ch/iaos2000/dilibayir_final_paper.doc.Google Scholar
Dumanlı, Recep. “Yoksulluk ve Türkiye'deki Boyutları.” Thesis for Planning Expertise, Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, 1996.Google Scholar
Elmelech, Yuval, and Lu, Hsien-Hen. “Race Ethnicity, and the Cender-Poverty Cap.” The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2002.Google Scholar
Erdoğan, Güzin. “Türkiye'de Bölge Ayrımında Yoksulluk Sınırı Üzerine Bir Çalışma.” Expert Thesis, DİE, 1996.Google Scholar
Erdoğan, Güzin. Türkiye'de Yoksulluk: Boyutu ve Profili, Araştırma Dizisi. Ankara: DİE, 1998.Google Scholar
Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko. “What Does Feminization of Poverty Mean? It Isn't ļust Lack of Income.” Feminist Economics 5, no. 2 (1999): 99103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyzer, Noeleen. “Poverty and Women's Work in the Informal Economy.” United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), 2006.Google Scholar
İlkkaracan, İpek, and Selim, Raziye. “The Gender Wage Cap in the Turkish Labor Market.” Labour 21, no. 3 (2007): 563–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KEİG Platformu. “Türkiye'de Kadın Emeği ve İstihdamı Sorun Alanları ve Politika Önerileri.” KEÌC, 2009.Google Scholar
Lichtenwalter, Sara. “Gender Poverty Disparity in Us Cities: Evidence Exonerating Female-Headed Families.” Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare 32, no. 2 (2005): 7596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, J. Scott. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 1997.Google Scholar
Macpherson, David A., and Hirsch, Barry T.. “Wages and Gender Composition: Why Do Women's Jobs Pay Less?Journal of Labor Economics 13, no. 3 (1995): 426–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCall, Leslie. “Spatial Routes to Gender Wage (in) Equality: Regional Restructuring and Wage Differentials by Gender and Education.” Economic Geography 74, no. 4 (1998): 379404.Google Scholar
McLanahan, Sara S.Family Structure and Dependency: Early Transitions to Female Household.” Demography 25, no. 1 (1988): 116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLanahan, Sara S., and Kelly, Erin L.. “The Feminization of Poverty: Past and Future.” In Handbook of Gender Sociology, edited by Chafetz, J.. New York: Plenum, 1999.Google Scholar
McLanahan, Sara S., Annemette Sorensen, and Dorothy Watson. “Sex Differences in Poverty, 1950-1980.” Signs 15, no. 1 (1989): 102–22.Google Scholar
Moghadam, Valentine M.The Feminization of Poverty and Women's Human Rights.” Papers in Women's Studies/Cender Research: UNESCO, Social and Human Sciences Sector (SHS), 2005.Google Scholar
Musick, Kelly, and Mare, Robert. D.. “Family Structure, Intergenerational Mobility, and the Reproduction of Poverty: Evidence for Increasing Polarization?Demography 41, no. 4 (2004): 629–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
OECD. “What Are Equivalence Scales?” (2009), http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/61/52/3541111.pdf.Google Scholar
Palaz, Serap. “Discrimination against Women in Turkey: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature.” Ege Akademik Bakış 2, no. 1 (2002): 103–14.Google Scholar
Pearce, Diana. “The Feminization of Poverty: Women, Work and Welfare.” Urban and Social Change Review 11, no. 1 (1978): 2836.Google Scholar
Sallan Gül, Songül. “Eşitsizlik, Yoksulluk ve Yoksulluğun Kadınsılaşması: Ankaralı Yoksul Kadınlar.” Paper presented at the Değişen Dünya ve Türkiye'de Eşitsizlikler: IV. Ulusal Sosyoloji Kongresi, Sivas, 16-18 October 2003.Google Scholar
Selim, Raziye. “Türkiye'de Bir Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizliği Olgusu Olarak Yoksulluk.” İktisat Dergisi, no. 418-419 (2001): 3538.Google Scholar
Selim, Raziye, and İpek İlkkaracan. “Gender Inequalities in the Labor Market in Turkey: Differentials in Wages, Industrial and Occupational Distribution of Men and Women.” 2002, http://www.econ.utah.edu/-ehrbar/erc2002/pdf/P405.pdf.Google Scholar
Stevens, Ann Huff. “The Dynamics of Poverty Spells: Updating Bane and Ellwood.” The American Economic Review 84, no. 2 (1994): 3437.Google Scholar
Şenses, Fikret. “Yoksullukla Mücadelenin Neresindeyiz? Gözlem ve Öneriler.” in İktisat Üzerine Yazılar. Küresel Düzen: Birikim, Devlet ve Sınıflar, edited by Köse, A.H., Şenses, F. and Yeldan, E., 319–56. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2003.Google Scholar
Şenses, Fikret. Küreselleşmenin Öteki Yüzü Yoksulluk. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2002.Google Scholar
UNDP. Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crises. Human Development Report. New York, 2006.Google Scholar
UNDP. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. Human Development Report. New York, 2007/2008.Google Scholar
UNDP. Gender and Human Development. Human Development Report. New York, 1995.Google Scholar
World Bank. Turkey Economic Reforms, Living Standards and Social Welfare Study. Report no. 20029-TU, 2000.Google Scholar