Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:53:20.442Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Whose city is it anyway? Middle class imagination and urban restructuring in twenty-first century Kolkata

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2015

Henrike Donner*
Affiliation:
Oxford Brookes University, Department of Social Sciences, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 oBP, h.donner@brookes.ac.uk

Abstract

This article provides an overview of the way in which post-liberalization urban restructuring is determined by middle class imaginations and lifestyles in Kolkata, India. It charts how the conjunction between planning, politics and private investment made middle class hegemony in the new urban politics possible, and how the processes that have been set in motion create new spatializations according to class through exclusions and reformulate citizenship as social relationships are redefined in the language of markets.

Type
Dossier on Urban Classes and Politics in the Neoliberal Era: Turkey in Comparison
Copyright
Copyright © New Perspectives on Turkey 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ablett, Jonathan, Baijal, AadarshBeinhocker, EricBose, AnupamFarrell, DianaGersch, UlrichCreenberg, EzraGupta, Shishir and Gupta, Sumit‘The Bird of Gold’: The Rise of India’s Consumer Markets.” McKinsey Global Institute, 2007.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun. “Spectral Housing and Urban Cleansing: Notes on Millennial Mumbai.” Public Culture 12, no. 3 (2000): 627651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun, and Breckenridge, Carol A.Public Modernity in India.” In Consuming Modernity: Public Culture in a South Asian World, edited by Breckenridge, Carol A.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Bandyopadhyay, Ritajyoti. “Hawkers’ Movement in Kolkata.” Economic and Political Weekly 44, no. 17 (2009): 116119.Google Scholar
Bartu-Candan, Ayfer, and Kolluoğlu, BirayEmerging Spaces of Neoliberalism: A Gated Town and Public Housing Project in İstanbul.” New Perspectives on Turkey, no. 39 (2008): 546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baviskar, Amita. “Between Violence and Desire: Space, Power and Identity in the Making of Metropolitan Delhi.” International Social Science Journal 55, no. 1 (2003): 8998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baviskar, Amita. “Cows, Cars and Cycle-Rickshaws: Bourgeois Environmentalism and the Battle for Delhi’s Streets.” In Elite and Everyman: The Cultural Politics of the Indian Middle Classes, edited by Baviskar, Amita and Raka, RayDelhi: Routledge, 2011.Google Scholar
Baviskar, Amita. “Spectacular Events, City Spaces and Citizenship: The Commonwealth Games in Delhi.” In Urban Navigations: Politics, Space and the City in South Asia, edited by Anjaria, Jonathan Shapiro and McFarlane, ColinDelhi: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
Brosius, Christiane. India’s Middle Class: New Forms of Urban Leisure, Consumption and Prosperity. Delhi: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. “Open Space/Public Space: Garbage, Modernity and India.” South Asia 14, no. 1 (1994): 1531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chakravartty, Paula, and Schiller, DanNeoliberal Newspeak and Digital Capitalism in Crisis.” International Journal of Communication 4 (2010): 670692.Google Scholar
Chakravorty, Sanjay. “From Colonial City to Global City? The Far-from-Complete Spatial Transformation of Calcutta.” In Clobalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order?, edited by Marcuse, Peter and Kempen, Ronald vanOxford: Blackwell, 1999.Google Scholar
Chari, Sharad. Fraternal Capital: Peasant-Worker, Self-Made Man and Cloblization in Provincial India. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha. “Are Indian Cities Becoming Bourgeois at Last?” In The Politics of the Governed: Refections on Popular Politics in Most of the World. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha. The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Chen, Xiangming, Lan, Wang, and Kundu, RatoolaLocalizing the Production of Global Cities: A Comparison of New Town Developments around Shanghai and Kolkata.” City el Community 8, no. 4 (2009): 433465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, Jean, and Comaroff, John L.Millennial Capitalism: First Thoughts on a Second Coming.” Public Culture 12, no. 2 (2000): 291343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbridge, Stuart, and Harriss, JohnRe-Inventing India: Liberalization, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy. Cambridge: Polity, 2000.Google Scholar
Das, Suranajan. Communal Riots in Bengal, 1905–1947. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Dembowski, Hans. Taking the State to Court: Public Interest Litigation and the Public Sphere in Metropolitan India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Donner, Henrike, ed. Being Middle Class: A Way of Life. London: Routledge, 2011.Google Scholar
Donner, Henrike, ed. “Children Are Capital, Grandchildren Are Interest: Changing Educational Strategies and Kin-Relations in Calcutta Middle-Class Families.” In Globalizing India: Perspectives from Below, edited by Assayag, Jackie and Fuller, ChrisLondon: Anthem Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Donner, Henrike, ed. Domestic Goddesses: Maternity, Globalization and Middle-Class Identity in Contemporary India. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008.Google Scholar
Donner, Henrike, ed. “Labour, Privatisation, and Class: Middle-Class Women’s Experience of Changing Hospital Births in Calcutta.” In Reproductive Agency and the State: Cultural Transformations in Childbearing, edited by Unnithan-Kumar, Maya. Oxford: Berghahn, 2004.Google Scholar
Donner, Henrike, ed. “New Vegetarianism: Food, Gender and Neo-Liberal Regimes in Bengali Middle-Class Families.” South Asia 31, no. 1 (2008): 143169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupont, Véronique. “The Idea of a New Chic Delhi through Publicity Hype.” In The Idea of Delhi, edited by Khosla, Roma. Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2005.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Leela. India’s New Middle Class: Democratic Politics in an Era of Economic Reform. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Leela. “The Politics of Forgetting: Class Politics, State Power and the Restructuring of Urban Space in India.” Urban Studies 41, no. 12 (2004): 24152430.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Leela. “Restructuring the New Middle Class in Liberalizing India.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 20, no. 1–2 (2000): 88104.Google Scholar
Ganguly-Scrase, Ruchira, and Scrase, Timothy J.Globalization and the Middle Classes in India: The Social and Cultural Impact of Neoliberal Reforms. London: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
Harriss, John. “Antinomies of Empowerment: Observations on Civil Society, Politics and Urban Governance in India.” Economic and Political Weekly 42, no. 26 (2007): 27162724.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. The New Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, Anthony, and Jeffery, Roger eds. Diversity and Change in Modern India: Economic, Social and Political Approaches. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe, and Veer, Peter van derIntroduction.” In Patterns of Middle Class Consumption in India and China, edited by Jaffrelot, Christophe and Veer, Peter van derDelhi: Sage, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaviraj, Sudipta. “Filth and the Public Sphere: Concepts and Practices About Space in Calcutta.” Public Culture 10, no. 1 (1997): 83113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khilnani, Sunil. The Idea of India. Delhi: Penguin, 2003.Google Scholar
Liechty, Mark. Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class Culture in a New Consumer Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lukose, Ritty A.Liberalization’s Children: Gender, Youth, and Consumer Citizenship in Globalizing India. Durham: Duke University, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mawdsley, Emma. “India’s Middle Classes and the Environment.” Development and Change 35, no. 1 (2004): 79103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazzarella, William. “Indian Middle Class.” In Keywords in South Asian Studies, edited by Dharampal-Frick, GitaDwyer, Rachel, Kirloskar-Steinbach, Monica and Phalkey, JahnaviDelhi: Oxford University Press, n.d.Google Scholar
Mazzarella, William. Shoveling Smoke: Advertising and Globalization in Contemporary India. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Mishra, B.B.The Indian Middle Classes: Their Growth in Modern Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961.Google Scholar
Motiram, Sripad, and Nayantara, SarmaPolarization, Inequality and Growth: The Indian Experience.” Ecineq (2011): 20112225.Google Scholar
Munshi, Shoma. “Yeh Dil Maange More … : Television and Consumer Choices in a Global City.” In Patterns of Middle Class Consumption in India and China, edited by Jaffrelot, Christophe and Veer, Peter van derDelhi: Sage, 2008.Google Scholar
Neve, Geert de. “Keeping It in the Family: Work, Education and Gender Hierarchies among Tiruppur’s Capitalist Industrialists.” In Being Middle Class in India: A Way of Life, edited by Donner, HenrikeLondon: Routledge, 2011.Google Scholar
Nisbett, Nicolas. “The Internet, Cybercafés and the New Social Spaces of Bangalorean Youth.” In Locating the Field: Space, Place and Context in Anthropology, edited by Coleman, Simon M. and Collins, PeterOxford: Berg, 2006.Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignity. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Oza, RupalThe Making of Neoliberal India: Nationalism, Gender, and the Paradoxes of Globalization. Delhi: Routledge, 2006.Google Scholar
Rajagopal, Arvind. “Thinking About the New Middle Class: Gender, Advertising and Politics in an Age of Globalisation.” In Signposts: Gender Issues in Post-Independence India, edited by Rajan, Rajeswari SunderDelhi: Kali for Women, 1999.Google Scholar
Rao, Ursula. “Making the Global City: Urban Citizenship on the Margins of Delhi.” Ethnos 74, no. 4 (2010): 402424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, Ananya. City, Requiem, Calcutta: Gender and the Politics of Poverty. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Sankhe, Shirish, Vittal, Ireena, Dobbs, Richard, Mohan, Ajit, Gulati, Ankur, Ablett, JonathanGupta, ShishirKim, AlexPaul, SudiptoSanghvi, Aditya and Sethy, GurpreetIndia’s Urban Awakening: Building Inclusive Cities, Sustaining Economic Growth.” Mc Kinsey Global Institute, 2010.Google Scholar
Soja, Edward, and Kanai, MiguelThe Urbanization of the World.” In The Endless City, edited by Burdett, Ricky and Sudjic, Dejan5469. London: Phaidon, 2007.Google Scholar
Sridharan, E.The Growth and Sectoral Composition of India’s Middle Class: Its Impact on the Politics of Economic Liberalization.” India Review 3, no. 4 (2004): 405428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stallmeyer, John C.Building Bangalore: Architecture and Urban Transformation in India’s Silicon Valley. London: Routledge, 2011.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, Carol. “India’s ‘New Middle Class’ and the Globalising City: Software Professionals in Bangalore, India.” In The New Middle Classes: Globalizing Lifestyles, Consumerism and Environmental Concern, edited by Lange, Hellmuth and Meier, LarsDordrecht: Springer, 2009.Google Scholar
Wessel, Margit van. “Talking About Consumption: How an Indian Middle Class Dissociates from Middle-Class Life.” Cultural Dynamics 16, no. 1 (2004): 93116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar