Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T06:21:19.722Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Remembering hope: mediated queer futurity and counterpublics in Turkey’s authoritarian times

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2021

Yener Bayramoğlu*
Affiliation:
Yener Bayramoğlu, Alice Salomon University Berlin, Berlin, Germany; yener.bayramoglu@gmail.com.

Abstract

This article explores how hope and visions of the future have left their mark on media discourse in Turkey. Looking back at some of the events that took place in the 1980s, a decade that was shaped by the aftermath of the 1980 coup d’état, and considering them alongside what has happened since the ban of Istanbul’s Pride march in 2015, it examines traces of hope in two periods of recent Turkish history characterized by authoritarianism. Drawing on an array of visual and textual material drawn from the tabloid press, magazines, newspapers, and digital platforms, it inquires into how queer hope manages to infiltrate mediated publics even in times of pessimism and hopelessness. Based upon analysis of an archive of discourses on resistance, solidarity, and future, it argues that queer hope not only helps to map out possible future routes for queer lives in (and beyond) Turkey, but also operates as a driving political force that sustains queers’ determination to maintain their presence in the public sphere despite repressive nationalist, militarist, Islamist, and authoritarian regimes.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmad, Feroz. The Making of Modern Turkey. London: Routledge, 1993.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Sara. “Happy Objects.” In The Affect Theory Reader, edited by Gregg, Melissa and Gregory, J. Seigworth. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010, 2951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, Sara. The Promise of Happiness. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amnesty International, “Turkey: Farcical Criminal Charges against Students Who Celebrated Pride March Must Be Dropped.” November 11, 2019, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/11/turkey-farcical-criminal-charges-against-students-who-celebrated-pride-must-be-dropped/.Google Scholar
Bargu, Banu. The Politics of Starve and Immolate. New York: Columbia University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Bayramoğlu, Yener. “Border Panic over the Pandemic: Mediated Anxieties about Migrant Sex Workers and Queers during the AIDS Crises in Turkey.” Ethnic and Racial Studies (February, 2021): https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1881141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayramoğlu, Yener. “Media Discourse on Transgender People as Subjects of Gentrification in Istanbul.” In Queering Sexualities: Diversifying Queer, Queering Diversity, edited by Fraser, Vikki, 41–8. Leiden: Brill, 2013.Google Scholar
Bayramoğlu, Yener. Queere (Un-)Sichtbarkeiten: Die Geschichte der queeren Repräsentationen in der türkischen und deutschen Boulevardpresse. Bielefeld: transcript, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BBC, “Turkish Capital Ankara Bans All Gay Rights Functions.” November 16, 2017.Google Scholar
Berlant, Lauren. Cruel Optimism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Bianet. “26 Haziran’da Yürümüyoruz, İstiklal Caddesi’nin Her Köşesine Dağılıyoruz.” June 24, 2016, https://m.bianet.org/bianet/lgbti/176231–26-haziran-da-yurumuyoruz-istiklal-caddesi-nin-her-kosesine-dagiliyoruz.Google Scholar
Bianet. “9. Pembe Hayat Kuirfest, 23 Ocak’ta İstanbul’da başlıyor.” January 10, 2020.Google Scholar
Bloch, Ernst. Das Prinzip Hoffnung: Kapitel 1–32. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp, 1985.Google Scholar
Brown, Wendy. States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browne, Kathe and Nash, Catherine J.. “Queer Methods and Methodologies: An Introduction.” In Queer Methods and Methodologies: Intersecting Queer Theories and Social Science Research, edited by Browne, Kath and Catherine, J. Nash, 124. New York: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Cabadağ, Nazlı and Gülden, Erdiger. “We Disperse to Berlin: Transnational Entanglements of LGBTI+ Movement(s) in Turkey.” In Doing Tolerance: Urban Interventions and Forms of Participation, edited by María do Mar Castro Varela and Barış Ülker. Opladen; Verlag Barbara Budrich, 2020.Candaş, Ayşen. “Yeni Zorluklar ve LGBTİ Hareketi.” KAOS GL 150 (2016): 18–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cumhuriyet, “Beşiktaş Belediyesi binasına gökkuşağı bayrağı astı: ‘Freddie Mercury’nin askerleriyiz.” June 19, 2017, http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/yasam/764248/Besiktas_belediyesi_binasina_gokkusagi_bayragi_asti___Freddie_Mercury_nin_askerleriyiz_.html.Google Scholar
Demirkent, Dinçer. “Ahvalimizin Yok-Hukuku.Kaos GL 156 (2017): 50–1.Google Scholar
Dinshaw, Carolyn, et al.Theorizing Queer Temporalities: A Roundtable Discussion.GLQ: Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 13, no. 2–3 (2007): 177–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duggan, Lisa and José, Esteban Muñoz.Hope and Hopelessness: A Dialogue.Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory 19 (2009): 275–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelman, Lee. No Future: Queer Theory and Death Drive. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Engindeniz, İdil. “Türkiye’de LGBTİ Kamusal Alanın Ortaya Çıkışında Kaos GL Dergi’nin Rolü.” In LGBTİ Bireyler ve Medya, edited by Yasemin İnceoğlu and Savaş Çoban. Istanbul: Ayrıntı, 2019: 110–29.Google Scholar
Ertür, Başak and Alisa, Lebow. “Coup de Genre: The Trials and Tribulations of Bülent Ersoy.” Theory & Event 17, no. 3 (2014) Project MUSE, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/539135.Google Scholar
Esen, Berk and Sebnem, Gumuscu. “Rising Competitive Authoritarianism in Turkey.Third World Quarterly 37, no. 9 (2016): 1581–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairclough, Norman. “Discourse and Text: Linguistic and Intertextual Analysis within Discourse Analysis.Discourse & Society 3, no. 2 (1992): 193217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairclough, Norman. Media Discourse. London: Arnold, 1995.Google Scholar
Fairclough, Norman. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. London: Routledge, 2013.Floyd, Kevin. “Queer Principles of Hope.” Mediations 25, no. 1 (2010): 107–13.Google Scholar
Gacı, “Tekme-tokat bindik trene.” May–June, 2005: 7.Google Scholar
Genda, Yuji. “Hope and Society in Japan.” In The Economy of Hope, edited by Miyazaki, Hirokazu and Swedberg, Richard, 97125. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Görkemli, Serkan. “Coming Out of the Internet: Lesbian and Gay Activism and the Internet as a ‘Digital Closet’ in Turkey.Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies 8, no. 3 (2012): 6388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görkemli, Serkan. Grassroot Literacies: Lesbian and Gay Activism and the Internet. New York: SUNY Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Guyer, Jane I.When and How Does Hope Spring Eternal in Personal and Popular Economics? Thoughts from West Arica to America.” In The Economy of Hope, edited by Miyazaki, Hirokazu and Swedberg, Richard, 147–71. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Gürbilek, Nurdan. Vitrinde Yaşamak: 1980lerin Kültürel Iklimi. İstanbul: Metis, 1992.Google Scholar
Gürsü, Erdem. 80’lerde lubunya olmak. Izmir: Siyah Pembe Üçgen, 2013.Google Scholar
Huffpost. “7 Stunning Images from What May Be Muslim World’s Largest LGBT Celebration.” July, 1, 2014. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/istanbul-gay-pride-lgbt-festival_n_5545252..Google Scholar
Hürriyet. “Bülent Ersoy’un sahneye çıkması yasaklandı.” June 12, 1981: 15.Google Scholar
Hürriyet. “Homoseksüel sanatçılar İstanbul’dan çıkarılıyor.” June 13, 1981: 1.Google Scholar
Hürriyet. “Ben bir ev kadınıyım.” April 13, 1982.Google Scholar
Hürriyet. “İstanbul’da 500bin eşcinsel varmış.” July 7, 1986: 17.Google Scholar
Hürriyet. “Eşcinsel Dayanışması.” May 7, 1987: 3.Google Scholar
ILGA Europe. Annual Review of the Human Rights Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex People, https://www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/2019/full_annual_review.pdf.Google Scholar
Kemahlıoğlu, Özge. “Winds of Change? The June 2015 Parliamentary Elections in Turkey.South European Society and Politics 20, no. 4 (2015): 445–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuir Lubun Berlin. “Berlin Walks with Istanbul Pride March.” July 1, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/events/hermannplatz/berlin-walks-with-istanbul-pride-march/191942421521216/.Google Scholar
ListeList. “Sosyal Medyayı Gökkuşağı Renklerine Boyayan 10 Belediye.” June 28, 2015, https://listelist.com/onur-haftasi-belediyeler/.Google Scholar
Love, Heather. Feeling Backward: Loss and the Politics of Queer History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Love, Heather. “Close Reading and Thin Description.Public Culture 25, no. 3 (2013): 401–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lünenborg, Margreth. Journalismus als kultureller Prozess: Zur Bedeutung von Journalismus in der Mediengesellschaft. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manalansan, IV, Martin, F.Messy Mismeasures: Exploring the Wilderness of Queer Migrant Lives.The South Atlantic Quarterly 117, no. 3 (2018): 491506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayring, Philipp. “Qualitative Content Analysis.” In A Companion to Qualitative Research, edited by Flick, Uwe, von Kardoff, Ernst, and Steinke, Ines. London: Sage, 2004.Google Scholar
Milliyet. “Eşcinsellerden ‘politik’ eylem.” April 30, 1987: 7.Google Scholar
Milliyet. “Eşcinseller dağıtıldı.” May 1, 1987: 2.Google Scholar
Milliyet. “Eşcinseller Kendini Yakacak.” May 3, 1987, 13.Google Scholar
Miyazaki, Hirokazu. The Method of Hope: Anthropology, Philosophy, and Fijian Knowledge. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Miyazaki, Hirokazu. “The Economy of Hope: An Introduction.” In The Economy of Hope, edited by Miyazaki, Hirokazu and Swedberg, Richard, 136. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017. More, Thomas. Utopia. London: Penguin, 1965.Google Scholar
Muñoz, José Esteban.Ephemera as Evidence: Introductory Notes to Queer Acts.Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory 8, no. 2 (1996): 516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz, José Esteban. Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity. New York: New York University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Öktem, Kerem and Karabekir, Akkoyunlu. “Exit from Democracy: Illiberal Governance in Turkey and Beyond.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 16, no. 4 (2016): 469–80.Özbay, Cenk. “Same-Sex Sexualities in Turkey.” International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, edited by James D. Right, 870–4. Oxford: Elsevier, 2015.Google Scholar
Özbay, Cenk. Queering Sexualities in Turkey: Gay Men, Male Prostitutes, and the City. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özbay, Cenk. “Boğaziçi University Protests and State Homophobia in Turkey.” New Perspectives on Turkey, February 15, 2021, https://www.cambridge.org/core/blog/2021/02/15/bogazici-university-protests-and-state-homophobia-in-turkey/.Google Scholar
Özbay, Cenk and Evren, Savcı. 2018. “Queering Commons in Turkey.” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 24, no. 4 (2015): 516–21.Ozduzen, Ozge. “Spaces of Hope in Authoritarian Turkey: Istanbul’s Interconnected Geographies of Post-occupy Activism.” Political Geography, 70 (April 2019): 34–43.Google Scholar
Özkazanç, Alev. “Tasfiye edilmiş bir feminist akademisyenin ahval üzerine düşünceleri.Kaos GL 156 (2017): 1013.Google Scholar
Plummer, Ken. “Critical Humanism and Queer Theory.” In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by Norman, K. Denzin and Yvonne, S. Lincoln, 357–73. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2005.Google Scholar
Ruys, Tom and Emre, Turkut. “Turkey’s Post-coup Purification Process: Collective Dismissals of Public Servants under the European Convention on Human Rights.Human Rights Law Review 18, no. 3 (2018): 539–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarı, Elif, et al. “A Critical Forum about LGBTI+ Prohibitions in Turkey.” Jadaliyya, January 3 (2018), https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/34951/A-Critical-Forum-About-LGBTI-Prohibitions.Google Scholar
Savaş, Özlem. “Affective Digital Media of New Migration from Turkey: Feelings, Affinities, and Politics.International Journal of Communication, 13 (2019): 5405–26.Google Scholar
Savcı, Evren. Queer in Translation: Politics under Neoliberal Islam. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Swedberg, Richard. “A Sociological Approach to Hope in Economy.” In The Economy of Hope, edited by Miyazaki, Hirokazu and Swedberg, Richard, 3750. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Szulc, Lukasz. “Banal Nationalism and Queers Online: Enforcing and Resisting Cultural Meanings of.tr.New Media & Society 17, no. 9 (2015): 1530–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
T24 Haber Merkezi. “18 yıl önce ‘Eşcinsellerin yasal güvence altına alınmaları şart’ diyen Erdoğan, bugün ‘Lanetlenmiş sapkınlıklar’ ifadesini kullandı.” June 29, 2020.Google Scholar
Taş, Birkan. “Queering Hope.” In Hope in All Direction, edited by Karabin, Geoffrey, 163–72. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1163/9781848882591_015.Google Scholar
Taş, Birkan, Reclaiming Hope: Affect, Temporality, Politics. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, 2016.Google Scholar
Tariz, Tanju. “Vali Beye Sordum: Grup Yasak mı?Kaos GL 159 (2018): 30–1.Google Scholar
Ünan, Ayşe Deniz.Gezi Protests and the LGBT Rights Movement: A Relation in Motion.” In Creativity and Humor in Occupy Movements: Intellectual Disobedience in Turkey and Beyond, edited by Yalcintas, Altug. London: Palgrave, 2015. 7594.Google Scholar
Warner, Michael. Publics and Counterpublics. Brooklyn, NY: Zone Books, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yüzgün, Arslan. Türkiye’de Eşcinsellik (Dün, Bugün). İstanbul: Hüryüz, 1986.Google Scholar
Zengin, Aslı. “What Is Queer about Gezi?” Fieldsights – Hot Spots Cultural Anthropology Online, 31 (2013).Google Scholar