Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T14:24:05.789Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutrition, hormetic stress and health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

David G. Lindsay
David G. Lindsay*
Affiliation:
CEBAS (CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Apartado de Correos 4195, MURCIA, 30100, Spain
*
Corresponding author: Dr David G. Lindsay, fax +34 968 396213, email dlindsay@terra.es
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Hormesis defines an effect where exposure to a low dose of a toxic agent results in a beneficial response. It has been described in organisms exposed to low-dose radiation, heat stress, and chemicals. The effect is characterised by a J-shaped dose–response as opposed to a linear dose–response. Confirmation of the general phenomena of hormesis has proved difficult due to the lack of appropriate methodology and the absence of well-defined mechanisms to support the experimental observations. In the nutritional field there are few reports of its existence. The clearest illustration of the effect is seen in animals that are energy restricted when there is a clear benefit in the reduction of age-related disease, and an extension of maximum lifespan. DNA microarray experiments have shown that there is a down regulation of the stress-response genes that are up regulated through the ageing process. Electrophilic phytochemicals, that have been shown to have beneficial health effects at low doses, up regulate the antioxidant–electrophile response element. This probably occurs through an alteration in the redox state of the target cells which causes activation of protein kinases, the activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor and the up regulation of the phase II enzymes, similar to responses that occur under mild chemical stress. This situation might enable organisms to adapt to stress such that the effects of a subsequent exposure to a harmful challenge are reduced. There may be a permanent alteration in cellular homeostasis, or redox state, if the low level exposure is maintained. It remains to be proven if such a situation occurs in response to chronic low-dose exposure to dietary phytochemicals such that the target cells are better able to respond to a subsequent stress challenge.

Keywords

HormesisStress responsesPhytochemicalsRadiationEnergy restrictionAntioxidant response element
Type
Research Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 18 , Issue 2 , December 2005 , pp. 249 - 258
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2005

References

Alexieva, V, Sergiev, I, Mapelli, S & Karanov, E (2001) The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat. Plant Cell Environment 24, 1337–1344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alsbury, S, Papageorgiou, K & Latchman, DS (2004) Heat shock proteins can protect aged human and rodent cells from different stressful stimuli. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 125, 201–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andoh, T, Chiueh, CC & Chock, PB (2003) Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase regulates the expression of thioredoxin and thioredoxin peroxidase-1 during hormesis in response to oxidative to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 885–890.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arts, IC, Sesink, A, Faasen-Peters, M & Hollman, PC (2001) The type of sugar moiety is a major determinant of the small intestine uptake and subsequent biliary excretion of dietary quercitin glycosydes. British Journal of Nutrition 91, 841–847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandt, K, Christensen, LP, Hansen-Møller, J, Hansen, SL, Haraldsdottir, J, Jespersen, L, Purup, S, Kharazmi, A, Barkholt, V, Frøkiær, H & Kobæk-Larsen, M (2004) Health promoting compounds in vegetables and fruits: a systematic approach for identifying plant components with impact on human health. Trends in Food Science and Technology 15, 384–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenner, DJ, Doll, R, Goodhead, DT, Hall, EJ, Land, C, Little, JB, Lubin, JH, Preston, DL, Preston, RJ, Puskin, JS, Ron, E, Sachs, RK, Samet, JM, Setlow, RB & Zaider, M (2003) Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 100, 13761–13766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calabrese, EJ & Baldwin, LA (2001) Hormesis: a generalizable and unifying hypothesis. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 31, 353–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calabrese, EJ, Baldwin, LA & Holland, CD (1999) Hormesis: a highly generalizable and reproducible phenomenon with important implications for risk assessment. Risk Analysis 19, 261–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cao, SX, Dhabi, JM, Mote, PL & Spindler, SR (2001) Genomic profiling of short- and long-term caloric restriction effects in the liver of aging mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 98, 10630–10635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, RR (1994) Responses in humans to low level exposures. In: Biological Effects of Low Level Exposures: Dose–response Relationships. 99–109. [Calabrese, EJ, editor]. Boca Raton FL: Lewis Publishers.Google Scholar
Davies, KJA (1995) Oxidative stress: the paradox of aerobic life. Biochemical Society Symposium 61, 1–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Dhabi, JM, Kim, HJ, Mote, PL, Beaver, RJ & Spindler, SR (2004) Temporal linkage between the phenotypic and genomic responses to caloric restriction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 101, 5524–5529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dybing, E, Doe, J, Groten, J, Kleiner, J, O'Brien, J, Renwick, AG, Schlatter, J, Steinberg, P, Tritscher, A, Walker, R & Younes, M (2002) Hazard characterisation of chemicals in food and diet: dose response, mechanisms and extrapolation issues. Food Safety in Europe (FOSIE): risk assessment of chemicals in food and diet. Food and Chemical Toxicology 40, 237–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flores, MJ, Pinero, J, Ortiz, T, Pastor, N, Mateos, JC & Cortes, F (1996) Both bovine and rabbit lymphocytes conditioned with hydrogen peroxide show an adaptive response to radiation damage. Mutaton Research 372, 9–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fornace, AJ Jr, Amudsen, SA, Bittner, M, Myers, TG, Meltzer, P, Weinstein, JN & Trent, J (1999) The complexity of radiation stress responses: analysis by informatics and functional genomic responses. Gene Expression 7, 387–400.Google Scholar
Gmel, G, Gutjahr, E & Rehm, J (2003) How stable is the risk curve between alcohol and all-cause mortality and what factors influence the shape? A precision-weighted hierarchical meta-analysis. European Journal of Epidemiology 18, 631–642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guo, GZ, Yan-Sanders, Y, Lyn-Cook, BD, Wang, TL, Tamae, D, Ogi, J, Khaletskiy, A, Li, ZK, Weydert, C, Longmate, JA, Huang, TT, Spitz, DR, Oberley, LW & Li, JJ (2003) Manganese superoxide dismutase-mediated gene expression in radiation-induced adaptive responses. Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, 2362–2378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, SL, Purup, S & Christensen, LP (2003) Bioactivity of falcarinol and the influence of processing and storage on its content in carrots ( Daucus carota L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 83, 1010–1017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Itoh, K, Wakabayashi, N, Katoh, Y, Ishii, T, O'Conner, T & Yamamoto, M (1999) Keap1 represses nuclear activation of antioxidant responsive elements by Nrf2 through binding to the amino-terminal Neh2 domain. Genes and Development 13, 76–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinoshita, A, Wanibuchi, H, Morimura, K, Wei, M, Shen, J, Imaoka, S, Funae, Y & Fukushima, S (2003) Phenobarbital at low dose exerts hormesis in rat hepatocarcinogenesis by reducing oxidative DNA damage, altering cell proliferation, adoptosis and gene expression. Carcinogenesis 24, 1389–1399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitano, M, Ichihara, T, Matsuda, T, Wanibuchi, H, Tamano, S, Hagiwara, A, Imaoka, S, Funae, Y, Shirai, T & Fukushima, S (1998) Presence of a threshold for promoting effects of phenobarbital on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic foci in the rat. Carcinogenesis 19, 1475–1480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koch-Paiz, CA, Amudsen, SA, Bittner, ML, Meltzer, PS & Fornace, AJ Jr (2004) Functional genomics of UV-radiation responses in human cells. Mutation Research 549, 65–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koga, T, Sakamoto, F, Yamaoto, A & Takumi, K (1999) Acid adaptation induces cross protection against some environmental stresses in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 45, 155–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroon, PA, Clifford, MN, Crozier, A, Day, AJ, Donovan, JL, Manach, C & Williamson, G (2004) How should we assess the effects of exposure to dietary phenols in vivo ?. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80, 15–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kültz, D (2005) Molecular and evolutionary basis of the cellular stress response. Annual Reviews of Physiology 67, 225–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwak M-K Wakabayashi, N, Greenlaw, JL, Yamamoto, M & Kensler, TW (2003) Antioxidants enhance mammalian proteosome expression through the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, 8786–8794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landis, GN, Abdueva, D, Skvortsov, D, et al. (2004) Similar gene expression patterns characterising aging and oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 101, 7663–7668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laval, F (1998) Pretreatment with oxygen species increases the resistance of mammalian cells to hydrogen peroxide and γ-rays. Mutation Research 201, 73–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, BR & Um, HD (1999) Hydrogen peroxide suppresses U937 cell death by two different mechanisms depending on its concentration. Experimental Cell Research 248, 430–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, CK, Allison, DB, Brand, J, Weindruch, R & Prolla, TA (2002) Transcriptional profiles associated with aging and middle age-onset caloric restriction in mouse hearts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 99, 14988–14993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, CK, Klopp, RG, Weindruch, R & Prolla, TA (1999) Gene expression profile of aging and its retardation by caloric restriction. Science 285, 1390–1393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, CK, Weindruch, R & Prolla, TA (2000) Gene expression profiling of the aging brain in mice. Nature 25, 294–297.Google Scholar
Lepore, DA, Knight, KR, Anderson, RL & Morrison, WA (2001) Role of priming stresses and Hsp70 in protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Cellular Stress and Chaperones 6, 93–96.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loo, G (2003) Redox-sensitive mechanisms of phytochemical-mediated inhibitors of cancer cell proliferation (review). Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 14, 64–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luckey, TD (1999) Nurture with ionizing radiation: a provocative hypothesis. Nutrition and Cancer 34, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lutz, U, Lugli, S, Bitsch, A, Schlatter, J & Lutz, WK (1997) Dose response for the stimulation of cell division by caffeic acid in forestomach and kidney of the male F344 rat. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 39, 131–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McArdle, A, Vasilaki, A & Jackson, M (2002) Exercise and skeletal muscle ageing: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Ageing Research Reviews 1, 79–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maisin, JR, Gerber, GB, Vankerkom, J & Wambersie, A (1996) Survival and diseases in C57BL mice exposed to X rays or 3.1 MeV neutrons at an age of 7 or 21 days. Radiation Research 146, 453–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marmot, MG (2001) Alcohol and coronary heart disease. International Journal of Epidemiology 30, 724–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mary, P, Sautour, M, Chihib, NE, Tierny, Y & Hornez, JP (2003) Tolerance and starvation-induced cross protection against different stresses in Aeromonas hydrophila. International Journal of Food Microbiology 87, 121–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masuda, C, Wanibuchi, H, Otori, K, Wei, M, Yamamoto, S, Hiroi, T, Imaoka, S, Funae, Y & Fukushima, S (2001) Presence of a no-observed effect level for enhancing effects of development of the alpha-isomer of benzene hexachloride (α-BHC) on diethylnitrosamine-initiated hepatic foci in rats. Cancer Letters 163, 179–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattison, JA, Lane, MA, Roth, GS & Ingram, DK (2003) Calorie restriction in rhesus monkeys. Experimental Gerontology 38, 35–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchel, RE, Jackson, JS & Carlisle, SM (2004) Upper dose thresholds for radiation-induced adaptive response against cancer in high-dose-exposed, cancer-prone, radiation-sensitive Trp53 heterozygous mice. Radiation Research 162, 30–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mukamel, KJ (2003) Alcohol use and progression in patients with coronary heart disease. Preventative Cardiology 6, 93–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nguyen, T, Yang, CS & Pickett, CB (2004) The pathways and molecular mechanisms regulating Nrf2 activation in response to chemical stress. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine 37, 433–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preston, DL, Shimizu, Y, Pierce, DA, Suyama, A & Mabuchi, K (2003) Studies of mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 13: solid cancer and non-cancer disease mortality: 1950–1997. Radiation Research 160, 381–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rattan, SIS (2004) Aging intervention, prevention, and therapy through hormesis. Journal of Gerontology 59A, 705–709.Google Scholar
Razzaghi, M & Lummis, P (2001) The concept of hormesis in developmental toxicology: similar gene expression patterns characterize aging and oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 7, 933–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, K, Lewis, LB, Nolen, JDL, Kinney, GL, Sathya, B & He, J (2003) Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke – a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 289, 579–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodricks, JV (2003) Hormesis and toxicological risk assessment. Toxicological Sciences 71, 134–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roe, FJC, Lee, PN, Conybeare, G, Kelly, D, Matter, B, Prentice, D & Tobin, G (1995) The Biosure Study: influence of composition of diet and food consumption on longevity, degenerative diseases and neoplasia in Wistar rats studied for up to 30 months post weaning. Food and Chemicals Toxicology 33, 1S–100S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schultz, H (1888) Uber hefegifte (About yeast poisons). Pflugers Archive 42, 517–541.Google Scholar
Sejerkilde, M, Sorensen, JG & Loeschcke, V (2003) Effects of cold- and heat-hardening on thermal resistence in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Insect Physiology 49, 719–726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seo, YJ, Lee, JW, Lee, EH, Lee, HK, Kim, HW & Kim, YH (2004) Role of glutathione in adaptive tolerance to hydrogen peroxide. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine 37, 1272–1281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, AMF (2002) Exercise comes of age: rationale and recommendations for geriatric exercise. Journal of Gerontology and Medical Sciences 57A, M262–M282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith-Sonneborn, J (1992) The Role of the “Stress Protein Response” in Hormesis. Belle Newsletter, vol. 1, pp. 4–9.Google Scholar
Spitz, DR, Dewey, WC & Li, GC (1987) Hydrogen peroxide or heat shock induces resistance to hydrogen peroxide in Chinese hamster fibroblasts. Journal of Cellular Physiology 131, 364–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sukata, T, Uwagawa, S, Ozaki, K, Ogawa, M, Nishikawa, T, Iwai, S, Kinishita, A, Wanibuchi, H, Imaoka, S, Funae, Y, Okuno, Y & Fukushima, S (2002) Detailed low-dose study of 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane carcinogenesis suggests the possibility of a hormetic effect. International Journal of Cancer 1, 112–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tannenbaum, A (1942) The genesis of growth of tumours II. Effect of caloric restriction per se. Cancer Research 4, 673–677.Google Scholar
Tian, L, Shi, MM & Forman, HJ (1997) Increased transcription of the regulatory subunit of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase in rat lung epithelial L2 cells exposed to oxidative stress or glutathione depletion. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 342, 126–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United States Department of Agriculture. (2005) USDA, Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report 2004. Washington, DC: USDA-ARS.Google Scholar
Upton, AC (2001) Radiation hormesis: data and interpretations. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 31, 681–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van't Veer, PV & Kok, FJ (2000) Human studies to substantiate the health effects of antioxidants. What is needed?. Free Radical Research 33, S109–S115.Google ScholarPubMed
Venkatraman, JT & Fernandes, G (1997) Exercise, immunity and aging. Aging - Clinical and Experimental Research 9, 42–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wakabayashi, N, Dinkova-Kostova, AT, Holtzclaw, WD, Kang, M, Kobayashi, A, Yamamoto, M, Kensler, TW & Talalay, P (2004) Protection against electrophile and oxidant stress by induction of the phase 2 response: fate of cysteines of the Keap1 sensor modified by inducers. Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Sciences USA 101, 2040–2045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welle, S, Brooks, AI, Delehanty, JM, Needler, N & Thornton, CA (2003) Gene expression profile of aging in human muscle. Physiological Genomics 14, 149–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiese, AG, Pacifici, RE & Davies, KJ (1995) Transient adaptation to oxidative stress in mammalian cells. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 318, 231–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73:World Cancer Research Fund. (1997) Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research.Google Scholar
Xu, YD, Greenstock, CL, Trivedi, A & Mitchel, REJ (1996) Occupational levels of radiation exposure induce surface expression of interleukin-2 receptors in stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 35, 89–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamane, Y, Furuichi, M, Song, R, Van, NT, Mulcahy, RT, Ishikawa, T & Kuo, MT (1998) Expression of multidrug resistance protein/GS-X pump and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase genes is regulated by oxidative stress. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 31075–31085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, BP, Masoro, EJ & MacMahan, CA (1985) Nutritional influences on aging of Fisher-344 rats. Part 1: physical, metabolic and longevity characteristics. Journal of Gerontology 40, 657–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar