Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:21:41.113Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Protein Requirements of Older Individuals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

D. Joe Millward
Affiliation:
Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK
Susan B. Roberts
Affiliation:
The Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1996

References

Atinmo, T., Mbofung, C. M. F., Egun, G. & Osotimehin, B. (1988). Nitrogen balance study in young Nigerian adult males using four levels of protein intake. British Journal of Nutrition 60, 451458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bunker, V. W., Lawson, M. S., Stansfield, M. F. & Clayton, B. E. (1987). Nitrogen balance studies in apparently healthy elderly people and those who are housebound. British Journal of Nutrition 57, 211221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calloway, D. H. (1981). Energy-protein relationships. In Protein Quality in Humans: Assessment And In Vitro Estimation, pp. 148168 [Bodwell, C. E., Adkins, J. S. and Hopkins, D. T., editors]. Westport, CT: AVI.Google Scholar
Calloway, D. H. & Margen, S. E. (1971). Variation in endogenous nitrogen excretion and dietary nitrogen utilization as determinants of human protein requirement. Journal of Nutrition 101, 205216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calloway, D. H., Odell, A. C. F. & Margen, S. (1971). Sweat and miscellaneous nitrogen losses in human balance studies. Journal of Nutrition 101, 775786.Google ScholarPubMed
Calloway, D. H. & Spector, H. (1954). Nitrogen balance as related to caloric and protein intake in active young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2, 405412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, W. W., Crim, M. C., Dallal, G. E., Young, V. R. & Evans, W. J. (1994). Increased protein requirements in elderly people: new data and retrospective reassessments. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 501509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, W. W. & Evans, W. J. (1996). Protein requirements of elderly people. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, Suppl. 1, S180S185.Google ScholarPubMed
Castaneda, C., Charnley, J. M., Evans, W. J. & Crim, M. C. (1995). Elderly women accommodate to a low-protein diet with losses of body cell mass, muscle function, and immune response. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 3039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, A. H. R., Gomez, A., Bergan, J. G., Lee, T.-C., Monckeberg, F. & Chichester, C. O. (1978). Comparative nitrogen balance study between young and aged adults using three levels of protein intake from a combination wheat-soy-milk mixture. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31, 1222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, S. H., Vartsky, D., Yasumura, S., Sawitsky, A., Zanzi, I., Vaswani, A. & Ellis, K. J. (1980). Compartmental body composition based on total-body nitrogen, potassium, and calcium. American Journal of Physiology 239, E524E530.Google ScholarPubMed
Coyer, P. A., Rivers, J. P. W. & Millward, D. J. (1987). The effect of dietary protein and energy restriction on heat production and growth costs in the young rat. British Journal of Nutrition 58, 7385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crim, M. C. & Munro, H. N. (1994). Proteins and amino acids. In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th edn, vol. 1, pp. 335 [Shils, A. E., Olsen, J. A. and Shike, M., editors]. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.Google Scholar
Department of Health (1991). Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients of the United Kingdom. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Durkin, N., Ogar, D. A., Tilve, S. G. & Margen, S. (1984). Human protein requirements: autocorrelation and adaptation to a low-protein diet. In Protein-Energy-Requirement Studies in Developing Countries: Results of International Research (Food and Nutrition Bulletin, Suppl. 10) pp. 5762 [Rand, W. M.Uauy, R. and Scrimshaw, N. S. editors].Google Scholar
Egun, G. N. & Atinmo, T. (1993). Protein requirement of young adult Nigerian females on habitual Nigerian diet at the usual level of energy intake. British Journal of Nutrition 70, 439448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, W. J. & Campbell, W. W. (1993). Sarcopenia and age-related changes in body composition and functional capacity. Journal of Nutrition 123, 465468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FAO/WHO (1973). Energy and Protein Requirements (Technical Report Series no. 522). Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
FAO/WHO/UNU (1985). Energy and Protein Requirements (Technical Report Series no. 724). Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Garza, C., Scrimshaw, N. S. & Young, V. R. (1976). Human protein requirements: the effect of variations in energy intake within the maintenance range. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 29, 280287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gersovitz, M., Motil, K., Munro, H. N., Scrimshaw, N. S. & Young, V. R. (1982). Human protein requirements: assessment of the adequacy of the current Recommended Dietary Allowance for dietary protein in elderly men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 35, 614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hegsted, D. M. (1976). Balance studies. Journal of Nutrition 106, 307311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, G. L. (1994). Impact of nutritional support on the clinical outcome of the surgical patient. Clinical Nutrition 13, 331340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millward, D. J. (1995). A protein-stat mechanism for regulation of growth and maintenance of the lean body mass. Nutrition Research Reviews 8, 93120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millward, D. J., Jackson, A. A., Price, G. & Rivers, J. P. W. (1989). Human amino acid and protein requirements: current dilemmas and uncertainties. Nutrition Research Reviews 2, 109132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munro, H. N., McGandy, R. B., Hartz, S. C., Russell, R. M., Jacob, R. A. & Otradovec, C. L. (1987). Protein nutriture of a group of free-living elderly. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 586592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council (1989). Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th edn. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Pannemans, D. L. E., Halliday, D. & Westerterp, K. R. (1995 a). Whole-body protein turnover in elderly men and women: responses to two protein intakes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 3338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pannemans, D. L. E., Halliday, D., Westerterp, K. R. & Kester, A. D. M. (1995 b). Effect of variable protein intake on whole-body protein turnover in young men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 6974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pellett, P. L. & Young, V. R. (1992). The effects of different levels of energy intake on protein metabolism and of different levels of protein intake on energy metabolism: a statistical evaluation from the published literature. In Protein-Energy Interactions, pp. 81122 [Scrimshaw, N. S. and Schurch, B., editors]. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Dietary Energy Consultative Group.Google Scholar
Price, G. M. (1991). Nitrogen Homeostasis In Man. PhD thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Price, G. M., Halliday, D., Pacy, P. J., Quevedo, M. R. & Millward, D. J. (1994). Nitrogen homeostasis in man. 1. Influence of protein intake on the amplitude of diurnal cycling of body nitrogen. Clinical Science 86, 91102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quevedo, M. R., Price, G. M., Halliday, D., Pacy, P. J. & Millward, D. J. (1994). Nitrogen homeostasis in man. 3. Diurnal changes in nitrogen excretion, leucine oxidation and wholebody leucine kinetics during a reduction from a high to a moderate protein intake. Clinical Science 86, 185193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rand, W. M., Scrimshaw, N. S. & Young, V. R. (1981). Conventional long term nitrogen balance studies for protein quality evaluation in adults: rationale and limitations. In Protein Quality in Humans: Assessment and In vitro Estimation, pp. 5997 [Bodwell, C. E., Atkins, J. S. and Hopkins, D. T., editors]. Westport, CT: AVI.Google Scholar
Rand, W. M., Scrimshaw, N. S. & Young, V. R. (1985). Retrospective analysis of data from five long-term, metabolic balance studies: implications for understanding dietary nitrogen and energy utilization. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 13391350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rand, W. M., Young, V. R. & Scrimshaw, N. S. (1976). Change of urinary nitrogen excretion in response to low-protein diets in adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 29, 639644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, S. B. (1996). Energy requirements of older individuals. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, Suppl. 1, S112S118.Google ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, I. H. (1989). Epidemiologic and methodologic problems in determining nutritional status of older persons. Summary comments. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 12311233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scrimshaw, N. S., Hussein, M. A., Murray, E., Rand, W. M. & Young, V. R. (1972). Protein requirements of man: variations in obligatory urinary and fecal nitrogen losses in young men. Journal of Nutrition 102, 15951604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scrimshaw, N. S., Perera, D. A. & Young, V. R. (1976). Protein requirements of man: obligatory urinary and fecal nitrogen losses in elderly women. Journal of Nutrition 106, 665670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sukhatme, P. V. & Margen, S. (1978). Models for protein deficiency. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31, 12371256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorogood, M. (1995). The epidemiology of vegetarianism and health. Nutrition Research Reviews 8, 179192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uauy, R., Scrimshaw, N. & Young, V. (1978). Human protein requirements: nitrogen balance response to graded levels of egg protein in elderly men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31, 779785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UNU/WHP (1979). Protein-energy requirements under conditions prevailing in developing countries: current knowledge and research needs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin Suppl. 1.Google Scholar
Waterlow, J. C. (1990). Nutritional adaptation in man: general introduction and concepts. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 259263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, V. R. (1986). Nutritional balance studies: indicators of human requirements or of adaptive mechanisms? Journal of Nutrition 116, 700703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, V. R., Gucalp, C., Rand, W. M., Matthews, D. E. & Bier, D. M. (1987). Leucine kinetics during three weeks at submaintenance-to-maintenance intakes of leucine in men: adaptation and accommodation Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 41C, 118.Google Scholar
Young, V. R., Taylor, Y. S. M., Rand, W. M. & Scrimshaw, N. S. (1973). Protein requirements of man: efficiency of egg protein utilization at maintenance and submaintenance levels in young men. Journal of Nutrition 103, 11641174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zanni, E., Calloway, D. H. & Zezulka, A. Y. (1979). Protein requirements of elderly men. Journal of Nutrition 109, 513524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed