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Regulation of placental nutrient transport and implications for fetal growth

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2013

Alan W Bell  and
Richard A Ehrhardt
Alan W Bell*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4801, USA
Richard A Ehrhardt
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4801, USA
*
*Professor Alan W. Bell, fax +1 607 255 9829, email awb6@cornell.edu
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Abstract

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Fetal macronutrient requirements for oxidative metabolism and growth are met by placental transport of glucose, amino acids, and, to a lesser extent that varies with species, fatty acids. It is becoming possible to relate the maternal–fetal transport kinetics of these molecules in vivo to the expression and distribution of specific transporters among placental cell types and subcellular membrane fractions. This is most true for glucose transport, although apparent inconsistencies among data on the roles and relative importance of the predominant placenta glucose transporters, GLUT-1 and GLUT-3, remain to be resolved. The quantity of macronutrients transferred to the fetus from the maternal bloodstream is greatly influenced by placental metabolism, which results in net consumption of large amounts of glucose and, to a lesser extent, amino acids. The pattern of fetal nutrient supply is also altered considerably by placental conversion of glucose to lactate and, in some species, fructose, and extensive transamination of amino acids. Placental capacity for transport of glucose and amino acids increases with fetal demand as gestation advances through expansion of the exchange surface area and increased expression of specific transport molecules. In late pregnancy, transport capacity is closely related to placental size and can be modified by maternal nutrition. Preliminary evidence suggests that placental expression and function of specific transport proteins are influenced by extracellular concentrations of nutrients and endocrine factors, but, in general, the humoral regulation of placental capacity for nutrient transport is poorly understood. Consequences of normal and abnormal development of placental transport functions for fetal growth, especially during late gestation, and, possibly, for fetal programming of postnatal disorders, are discussed.

Keywords

Placental transportGlucoseAmino acidsRegulatory factorsFetal growth
Type
Research Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 15 , Issue 2 , December 2002 , pp. 211 - 230
Copyright
Copyright © CABI Publishing 2002

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