Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:26:34.063Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Growth in encrusting cheilostome bryozoans: II. Circum-Atlantic distribution patterns

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2016

Scott Lidgard
Scott Lidgard*
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Differences in zooid skeletal ontogeny are strongly linked to the distribution of bryozoan species, even along such large-scale environmental gradients as depth and latitude. Three growth patterns broadly characterize zooid formation for encrusting cheilostome bryozoans: zooidal and intrazooidal budding, which facilitate growth in two dimensions at colony margins; and frontal budding, which also permits upward growth in the third dimension. Analyses of skeletal growth patterns of encrusting species present in 230 Recent assemblages from the North Atlantic, Mediterranean, North Sea, and Gulf of Mexico show that species with zooidal budding dominate overwhelmingly at lower latitudes and in shallower water, as assessed by percentages of species within assemblages. In contrast, patterns within moderately diverse fossil assemblages from North America indicate that within the geographic and environmental limits sampled, species with intrazooidal budding once dominated and probably originated in shallow, warm water environments. Intrazooidal budding now occurs with greater relative frequency among species from deeper and higher latitude assemblages. Patterns for frontal budding suggest a slight decrease with increasing depth, but no consistent relationship with latitude. These paleoenvironmental trends occur withn a putatively monophyletic clade and are markedly similar to onshore/offshore trends recognized in other groups of marine benthos, based on patterns of occurrence of supra-specific taxa and novel morphotypes. Results presented here are based on relative dominance of species within assemblages and thus provide a novel comparative test of these previously reported trends.

Type
Research Article
Information
Paleobiology , Volume 16 , Issue 3 , Summer 1990 , pp. 304 - 321
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Bambach, R. K. 1977. Species richness in marine benthic habitats through the Phanerozoic. Paleobiology 3:152–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banta, W. A. 1975. Origin and early evolution of Cheilostome Bryozoa. In Pouyet, S. (ed.), Bryozoa 1974. Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie des Sciences de Lyon 3:565–582.Google Scholar
Baum, G. R. 1980. Petrography and depositional environments of the middle Eocene Castle Hayne Limestone, North Carolina. Southeastern Geology 21:175–196.Google Scholar
Baum, G. R., Collins, J. S., Jones, R. J., Madlinger, B. A., and Powell, R. J. 1980. Correlation of the Eocene strata of the Carolinas. South Carolina Geology 24:19–27.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. 1974. Types of early Paleozoic faunal replacements in North America: their relationships to environmental changes. Journal of Geology 82:371–382.Google Scholar
Bishop, J. D. D. 1989. Colony form and the exploitation of spatial refuges of encrusting Bryozoa. Biological Review 64:197–218.Google Scholar
Blackwelder, B. W. 1981. Stratigraphy of Upper Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene marine and estuarine deposits of northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1502-B:1–16.Google Scholar
Bottjer, D. J. 1981. Structure of Upper Cretaceous chalk benthic communities, southwestern Arkansas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 34:225–256.Google Scholar
Bottjer, D. J., and Jablonski, D. 1989. Palaeoenvironmental patterns in the evolution of post-Paleozoic benthic marine invertebrates. Palaios 3:540–560.Google Scholar
Bottjer, D. J., Droser, M. L., and Jablonski, D. 1988. Palaeoenvironmental trends in the history of trace fossils. Nature 333:252–255.Google Scholar
Brett, C. E. 1989. Paleoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities: an overview. Palaios 3:374–378.Google Scholar
Bromley, R. G. 1975. Comparative analysis of fossil and Recent echinoid bioerosion. Palaeontology 18:725–739.Google Scholar
Cabioch, L. 1968. Contribution à la connaissance des peuplements benthiques de la Manche Occidentale. Travaux de Statione Biologie Roscoff 18:493–720.Google Scholar
Carle, K. J., and Ruppert, E. E. 1983. Comparative ultrastructure of the bryozoan funiculus: a blood vessel homologue. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 21:181–193.Google Scholar
Cheetham, A. H. 1971. Functional morphology and biofacies distribution of cheilostome Bryozoa in the Danian Stage (Paleocene) of southern Scandinavia. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 6.Google Scholar
Chen, C. S. 1965. The regional lithostratigraphic analysis of Paleocene and Eocene rocks of Florida. Florida Bureau of Geology Bulletin 45:1–105.Google Scholar
Coates, A. G., and Jackson, J. B. C. 1985. Morphological themes in the evolution of clonal and aclonal marine invertebrates. Pp. 67–106. In Jackson, J. B. C., Buss, L. W., and Cook, R. E. (eds.), Population Biology and Evolution of Clonal Organisms. Yale University Press; New Haven.Google Scholar
Connell, J. F. L. 1959. The Tivola Member of the Ocala Limestone of Georgia. Southeastern Geology 1:59–72.Google Scholar
Connell, J. H., and Keough, M. J. 1985. Disturbance and patch dynamics of subtidal marine animals on hard substrata. Pp. 125–151. In Pickett, S. T. A., and White, P. S. (eds.), The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press; New York.Google Scholar
Cook, P. L. 1981. The potential of minute bryozoan colonies in the analysis of deep-sea sediments. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 22:89–106.Google Scholar
Cooke, C. W. 1936. Geology of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 867.Google Scholar
Cooke, C. W. 1945. Geology of Florida: Florida Geology Survey Bulletin 29.Google Scholar
Cooke, C. W., and MacNeil, F. S. 1952. Tertiary stratigraphy of South Carolina. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 243-B.Google Scholar
Crane, P. R., and Lidgard, S.Ms.Angiosperm diversity and large scale floristic change through the Cretaceous: analyses of macrofossil data from the northern hemisphere. Submitted to Palaeontology.Google Scholar
Crowley, T. J. 1983. The geologic record of climatic change. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21:828–877.Google Scholar
Cuffey, R. J., and Blake, D. B.In Press. Cladistic analysis of the phylum Bryozoa. In Bigey, F. P., and d'Hondt, J.-L. (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the International Bryozoological Association.Google Scholar
Dane, C. H. 1929. Upper Cretaceous formations of southwestern Arkansas. Arkansas Geologic Survey Bulletin 1.Google Scholar
Dockery, D. T. 1980. The invertebrate macropaleontology of the Clark County, Mississippi, area. Mississippi Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Geology Bulletin 122.Google Scholar
Dockery, D. T. 1982. Lower Oligocene bivalvia of the Vicksburg group in Mississippi. Mississippi Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Geology Bulletin 123.Google Scholar
Driscoll, E. G. 1967. Attached epifaunal-substrate relations. Limnology and Oceanography 12:633–641.Google Scholar
Driscoll, E. G. 1968. Sublittoral attached epifaunal development in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. Hydrobiologia 32:27–32.Google Scholar
DuBar, J. R. 1958. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Late Neogene strata of the Caloosahatchee River area of southern Florida. Florida Geological Survey Bulletin 40.Google Scholar
DuBar, J. R., and Beardsley, D. W. 1961. Paleoecology of the Choctawhatchee Deposits (Late Miocene) at Alum Bluff, Florida. Southeastern Geology 5:155–189.Google Scholar
DuBar, J. R., and Chaplin, J. R. 1963. Paleoecology of the Pamlico Formation (Late Pleistocene), Nixonville quadrangle, Horry County, South Carolina. Southeastern Geology 4:127–165.Google Scholar
DuBar, J. R., and Howard, J. F. 1963. Paleoecology of the type Waccamaw (Pliocene?) outcrops, South Carolina. Southeastern Geology 5:27–61.Google Scholar
DuBar, J. R., and Taylor, D. S. 1962. Paleoecology of the Choctawhatchee Deposits, Jackson Bluff, Florida. Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 2:349–376.Google Scholar
DuBar, J. R., Johnson, H. S. Jr., Thom, B., and Hatchell, W. O. 1974. Neogene stratigraphy and morphology, south flank of the Cape Fear Arch, North and South Carolina. Pp. 139–173. In Oaks, R. O., and DuBar, J. R. (eds.), Post-Miocene Stratigraphy, Central and Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Utah State University Press; Logan, Utah.Google Scholar
Eggleston, D. 1972. Factors influencing the distribution of sublittoral ectoprocts off the south of the Isle of Man. Journal of Natural History 6:247–260.Google Scholar
Emery, K. O., and Uchupi, E. 1972. Western North Atlantic Ocean: Topography, Rocks, Structure, Water, Life, and Sediments. American Association of Petroleum Geologists; Tulsa, Oklahoma.Google Scholar
Gibson, T. G. 1982. Depositional framework and paleoenvironments of Miocene strata from North Carolina to Maryland. Florida Department of Natural Resources, Special Publication 25:1–22.Google Scholar
Gleason, M. G., and Jackson, J. B. C.In Press. Ecology of cryptic coral reef communities. V. Abundance, distribution and recruitment of encrusting organisms on insular substrata at Los Roques, Venezuela. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology.Google Scholar
Gordon, D. P. 1971a. Colony formation in the cheilostomatous bryozoan Fenestrulina malusii var. thyreophora. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 5:342–351.Google Scholar
Gordon, D. P. 1971b. Zooidal budding in the cheilostomatous bryozoan Fenestrulina malusii var. thyreophora. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 5:453–460.Google Scholar
Gordon, D. P. 1987. The deep-sea bryozoa of the New Zealand region. Pp. 97–104. In Ross, J. R. P. (ed.), Bryozoa: Present and Past. Western Washington University; Bellingham, Washington.Google Scholar
Hallam, A. 1984. Pre-Quaternary sea level changes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12:205–243.Google Scholar
Holland, H. D., and Trendall, A. F. (eds.). 1984. Patterns of Change in Earth Evolution. Springer-Verlag; Berlin.Google Scholar
d'Hondt, J.-L. 1977. Valeur systématique de la structure larvaire et des particularités de la morphogenese post-larvaire chez les Bryozoaires Gymnolaemates. Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch 123:463–483.Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P. 1990. Recruitment limitation, mortality, and population regulation in open systems: a case study. Ecology 71:12–20.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D., and Bottjer, D. J. 1983. Soft-bottom epifaunal suspension feeding assemblages in the Late Cretaceous: implications for the evolution of benthic paleocommunities. Pp. 747–812. In Tevesz, M. J. S., and McCall, P. L. (eds.), Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum Press; New York.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D., and Bottjer, D. J.In Press. Onshore-offshore trends in marine invertebrate evolution. In Ross, R. M., and Allmon, W. D. (eds.), Biotic and Abiotic Factors in Evolution. University of Chicago Press; Chicago.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D., Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., Bottjer, D. J., and Sheehan, P. M. 1983. Onshore-offshore patterns in the evolution of Phanerozoic shelf communities. Science 222:1123–1125.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C. 1977. Habitat area, colonization, and development of epibenthic community structure. Pp. 349–358. In Keegan, B. F., Ceidigh, P. O., and Boaden, P. J. S. (eds.), Biology of Benthic Organisms. Permagon Press; New York.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C. 1979. Overgrowth competition between encrusting cheilostome ectoprocts in a Jamaican cryptic reef environment. Journal of Animal Ecology 48:805–823.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C. 1981. Competitive interactions between bryozoans and other organisms. Pp. 22–36. In Dutro, J. T., and Boardman, R. S. (eds.), Lophophorates: Notes for a Short Course. University of Tennessee Department of Geological Sciences Studies in Geology 5.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C. 1983. Biological determinants of present and past sessile animal distributions. Pp. 39–120. In Tevesz, M. J. S., and McCall, P. L. (eds.), Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum Press; New York.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C., and McKinney, F. K.In Press. Ecological processes and progressive macroevolution of marine clonal benthos. In Ross, R. M., and Allmon, W. D. (eds.), Biotic and Abiotic Factors in Evolution. University of Chicago Press; Chicago.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C., and Winston, J. E. 1982. Ecology of cryptic coral reef communities. I. Distribution and abundance of major groups of encrusting organisms. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 57:135–147.Google Scholar
Kay, A. M., and Keough, M. J. 1981. Occupation of patches in the epifaunal communities on pier pilings and the bivalve Pinna bicolor at Edithburgh, South Australia. Oecologia 48:123–130.Google Scholar
Keough, M. J. 1984a. Effects of patch size on the abundance of sessile marine invertebrates. Ecology 65:423–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keough, M. J. 1984b. Dynamics of the epifauna of the bivalve Pinna bicolor: interactions among recruitment, predation, and competition. Ecology 65:677–688.Google Scholar
Keough, M. J., and Downes, B. J. 1982. Recruitment of marine invertebrates: the role of active larval choices and early mortality. Oecologia 54:348–352.Google Scholar
Kidwell, S. M. 1986. Models for fossil concentrations: paleobiologic implications. Paleobiology 12:6–24.Google Scholar
Kidwell, S. M., and Jablonski, D. 1983. Taphonomic feedback: ecological consequences of shell accumulation. Pp. 382–395. In Tevesz, M. J. S., and McCall, P. L. (eds.), Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum Press; New York.Google Scholar
Koch, C. F. 1987. Prediction of sample size effects on the measured temporal and geographic distribution patterns of species. Paleobiology 13:100–107.Google Scholar
Lang, J. C. 1974. Biological zonation at the base of a reef. American Scientist 62:272–281.Google Scholar
Laughbaum, L. R. 1960. A paleoecologic study of the upper Denton Formation, Tarrant, Denton, and Cooke Counties, Texas. Journal of Paleontology 34:1183–1197.Google Scholar
Lidgard, S. 1985. Zooid and colony growth in encrusting cheilostome bryozoans. Palaeontology 28:255–291.Google Scholar
Lidgard, S. 1986a. Budding process and geometry in encrusting cheilostome bryozoans. In Nielsen, C., and Larwood, G. P. (eds.), Bryozoa: Ordovician to Recent. Olsen and Olsen; Fredensborg, Denmark.Google Scholar
Lidgard, S. 1986b. Ontogeny in animal colonies: a persistent trend in the bryozoan fossil record. Science 232:230–232.Google Scholar
Lidgard, S., and Jackson, J. B. C. 1989. Growth in encrusting cheilostome bryozoans: I. Evolutionary trends. Paleobiology 15:255–282.Google Scholar
MacNeil, F. S., and Dockery, D. T. 1984. Lower Oligocene Gastropoda, Scaphopoda and Cephalopoda of the Vicksburg Group in Mississippi. Mississippi Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Geology Bulletin 124.Google Scholar
Malde, H. E. 1959. Geology of the Charleston Phosphate area, South Carolina. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1079.Google Scholar
Mancini, E. A. 1977. Depositional environment of the Grayson Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Texas. Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 27:334–351.Google Scholar
May, J. H. 1974. Wayne County geology. Mississippi Geological, Economic and Topographical Survey Bulletin 117:13–194.Google Scholar
McCartan, L., Blackwelder, B. W., and Lemon, E. M. Jr. 1985. Stratigraphic section through the St. Mary's Formation, Miocene, at Little Cove Point, Maryland. Southeastern Geology 25:123–140.Google Scholar
McKinney, F. K., and Jackson, J. B. C. 1989. Bryozoan Evolution. Allen and Unwin; Winchester, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Nelson, C. S., Hancock, G. E., and Kamp, P. J. J. 1982. Shelf to basin, temperate skeletal carbonate sediments, Three Kings Plateau, New Zealand. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 52:717–732.Google Scholar
Nelson, C. S., Hyden, F. M., Keane, S. L., Leask, W. L., and Gordon, D. P. 1988. Application of bryozoan zoarial growth-form studies in facies analysis of non-tropical carbonate deposits in New Zealand. Sedimentary Geology 60:301–322.Google Scholar
Nicol, D., Shaak, G. D., and Hoganson, J. W. 1976. The Crystal River Formation (Eocene) at Martin, Marion County, Florida. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 12:137–144.Google Scholar
Oaks, R. O., and DuBar, J. R. (eds.). 1974. Post-Miocene Stratigraphy, Central and Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Utah State University Press; Logan, Utah.Google Scholar
Owens, J. P., and Sohl, N. F. 1969. Shelf and deltaic depositional environments in the Cretaceous-Tertiary formations of the New Jersey coastal plain. Pp. 235–278. In Subitzky, S. (ed.), Geology of Selected Areas in New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania and Guidebook of Excursions. Rutgers University Press; New Brunswick.Google Scholar
Powell, R. J. 1984. Lithostratigraphy, depositional environment, and sequence framework of the middle Eocene Santee Limestone, South Carolina coastal plain. Southeastern Geology 25:79–100.Google Scholar
Puri, H. S. 1957. Stratigraphy and zonation of the Ocala Group. Florida Geology Survey Bulletin 38.Google Scholar
Rezak, R., Bright, T. J., and McCrail, D. W. 1985. Reefs and banks of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico—their geological, biological and physical dynamics. John Wiley and Sons; New York.Google Scholar
Ristedt, H., and Schumacher, H. 1985. The bryozoan Rhynchozoon larreyi (Audouin 1826)—a successful competitor in coral reef communities in the Red Sea. Marine Ecology 6:167–179.Google Scholar
Roughgarden, J., Iwasa, Y., and Baxter, C. 1985. Demographic theory for an open marine population with space-limited recruitment. Ecology 66:54–67.Google Scholar
Rubin, J. A. 1982. The degree of intransitivity and its measurement in an assemblage of encrusting cheilostome bryozoa. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 60:119–128.Google Scholar
Rucker, J. B. 1967. Paleoecological analysis of cheilostome bryozoa from Venezuela—British Guiana shelf sediments. Bulletin of Marine Science 17:787–839.Google Scholar
Russell, E. E. 1975. Stratigraphy of the outcropping Upper Cretaceous in western Tennessee. State of Tennessee Department of Conservation/Division of Geology Bulletin 75:A1–A65.Google Scholar
Russell, E. E., Keady, D. M., Mancini, E. A., and Smith, C. E. 1982. Upper Cretaceous in the Lower Mississippi Embayment of Tennessee and Mississippi: Lithostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy, Field Trip Guidebook. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting.Google Scholar
Ryland, J. S. 1970. Bryozoans. Hutchinson and Company, Ltd.; London.Google Scholar
Savin, S. 1977. The history of the earth's surface temperature during the past 100 million years. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 5:319–355.Google Scholar
Schaeffer, B., and Rosen, D. E. 1961. Major adaptive levels in the evolution of the actinopterygian feeding mechanism. American Zoologist 1:187–204.Google Scholar
Schmidt, W. 1984. Neogene stratigraphy and geologic history of the Apalachicola embayment, Florida. Florida Bureau of Geology Bulletin 58.Google Scholar
Schopf, T. J. M. 1969a. Paleoecology of ectoprocts (Bryozoans). Journal of Paleontology 43:234–244.Google Scholar
Schopf, T. J. M. 1969b. Geographic and depth distribution of the phylum Bryozoan from 200 to 6,000 meters. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 113:464–474.Google Scholar
Schopf, T. J. M., Fisher, J. B., and Smith, C. A. F. III. 1978. Is the marine latitudinal diversity gradient merely another example of the species area curve? Pp. 365–386. In Battaglia, B., and Beardmore, J. A. (eds.), Marine Organisms Genetics, Ecology and Evolution. Plenum Press; New York.Google Scholar
Scott, R. W., Fee, D., Magee, R., and Laali, H. 1978. Epeiric depositional models for the Lower Cretaceous Washita Group, north-central Texas. Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas, Austin, Report of Investigations 94.Google Scholar
Scott, R. W., Laali, H., and Fee, D. W. 1975. Density-current strata in Lower Cretaceous Washita Group, north-central Texas. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 45:562–575.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., and Miller, A. I. 1985. Evolutionary faunas and the distribution of Paleozoic benthic communities in space and time. Pp. 153–190. In Valentine, J. W. (ed.), Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns. Princeton University Press; Princeton.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., and Sheehan, P. M. 1983. Diversification, faunal change, and community replacement during the Ordovician radiation. Pp. 673–718. In Tevesz, M. J. S., and McCall, P. L. (eds.), Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum Press; New York.Google Scholar
Sharpe, C. E. II. 1980. Sedimentological interpretation of Tertiary carbonate rocks from west-central Florida. Unpublished MS thesis, University of Florida.Google Scholar
Siesser, W. G. 1983. Paleogene calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy: Mississippi, Alabama and Tennessee. Mississippi Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Geology Bulletin 125.Google Scholar
Signor, P. W. 1985. Real and apparent trends in species richness through time. Pp. 129–150. In Valentine, J. W. (ed.), Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns. Princeton University Press; Princeton.Google Scholar
Silén, L. 1987. Colony growth pattern in Electra pilosa (Linnaeus) and comparable encrusting cheilostome bryozoans. Acta Zoologica 68:17–34.Google Scholar
Smith, A. B. 1984. Echinoid Paleobiology. George Allen and Unwin; London.Google Scholar
Steneck, R. S. 1983. Escalating herbivory and resulting adaptive trends in calcareous algae. Paleobiology 9:44–61.Google Scholar
Stephenson, L. W., Cooke, C. W., and Lowe, E. N. 1933. Coastal Plain stratigraphy of Mississippi. Mississippi Geological Survey Bulletin 25.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. D. 1981. Bryozoa from the Portland Beds of England. Palaeontology 24:863–875.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. D. 1981. Charixia Lang and Spinicharixia gen. nov., cheilostome bryozoans from the Lower Cretaceous. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Geology 40:197–222.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. D., and Larwood, G. P.In Press. Major evolutionary radiations in the Bryozoa. In Taylor, P. D., and Larwood, G. P. (eds.), Major Evolutionary Radiations. Clarendon Press; Oxford.Google Scholar
Todd, C. D., and Turner, S. J. 1988. Ecology of intertidal and sublittoral cryptic epifaunal assemblages. II. Nonlethal overgrowth of encrusting bryozoans by colonial ascidians. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 115:113–126.Google Scholar
Towson, W. G. 1975. Lithostratigraphy and deposition of the type Portlandian. Journal of the Geological Society of London 131:619–638.Google Scholar
Vermeij, G. J. 1977. The Mesozoic marine revolution: evidence from snails, predators and grazers. Paleobiology 3:245–258.Google Scholar
Vermeij, G. J. 1987. Evolution and Escalation. Princeton University Press; Princeton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Walsh, J. J. 1981. Shelf-sea ecosystems. Pp. 159–196. In Long-hurst, A. R. (ed.), Analysis of Marine Ecosystems. Academic Press; London.Google Scholar
Ward, L. W. 1985. Stratigraphy and characteristic mollusks of the Pamunkey Group (Lower Tertiary) and the Old Church Formation of the Chesapeake Group (Virginia Coastal Plain). United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1346.Google Scholar
Ward, L. W., and Blackwelder, B. W. 1980. Stratigraphy of Eocene, Oligocene, and Lower Miocene formations—coastal plain of the Carolinas. Pp. 190–208. In Frey, R. W. (ed.), Excursions in Southeastern Geology, vol. 1. American Geological Institute; Falls Church, Virginia.Google Scholar
Ward, M. A., and Thorpe, J. P. 1989. Assessment of space utilization in a subtidal temperate bryozoan community. Marine Biology 103:215–224.Google Scholar
Ward, L. W., Blackwelder, B. W., Gohn, G. S., and Poore, R. Z. 1979. Stratigraphic revision of Eocene, Oligocene, and Lower Miocene formations of South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey Geologic Notes 23:2–32.Google Scholar
Warner, R. R., and Chesson, P. L. 1985. Coexistence mediated by recruitment fluctuations: a field guide to the storage effect. American Naturalist 125:769–787.Google Scholar
Warwick, R. M. 1980. Population dynamics and secondary reproduction of benthos. Pp. 181–227. In Tenore, K. R., and Coull, B. C. (eds.), Marine Benthic Dynamics. University of South Carolina Press; ColumbiaGoogle Scholar
Wigley, R. L., and Theroux, R. B. 1981. Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States—macrobenthic invertebrate fauna of the Middle Atlantic Bight region—faunal composition and quantitative distribution. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 529-N.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, L. 1988. SYSTAT: The system for statistics. SYSTAT, Inc.; Evanston, Illinois.Google Scholar

Source of Data: Recent Cheilostome Assemblages

Abbott, M. B. 1973. Seasonal diversity and density in bryozoan populations of Block Island Sound (New York, U.S.A.). Pp. 37–52. In Larwood, G. P. (ed.), Living and Fossil Bryozoa. Academic Press; New York.Google Scholar
Balavoine, P. 1953. Bryozoaires récoltes en septembre 1952 dans la region de Dinard et de Saint-Malo. Bulletin du Laboratoire Maritime, Dinard 38:16–19.Google Scholar
Balavoine, P. 1955. Bryozoaires récoltes en Avril 1955 dans la region de Dinard et de Saint-Malo. Bulletin du Laboratoire Maritime, Dinard 41:27–33.Google Scholar
Balavoine, P. 1956. Sur deux Bryozoaires de la region nord de Saint-Malo. Bulletin du Laboratoire Maritime, Dinard 42:35–46.Google Scholar
Balavoine, P. 1958. Nouvelle contribution à l'étude des Bryozoaires de la region de Dinard et de Saint-Malo. Bulletin du Laboratoire Maritime, Dinard 43:52–68.Google Scholar
Balavoine, P. 1959a. Bryozoaires recueilliés en juillet et aôut 1957 dans la region de Dinard et de Saint-Malo. Bulletin du Laboratoire Maritime, Dinard 44:12–22& addenda slip.Google Scholar
Balavoine, P. 1959b. Bryozoa: Résultats Scientifiques, Mission Robert Ph. Dollfus en Egypte (Décembre 1927–Mars 1929). Paris 34:257–282.Google Scholar
Banta, W. C., and Carson, R. J. M. 1978. Bryozoa from Costa Rica. Pacific Science 31:381–424.Google Scholar
Bille-Hansen, K. 1962. The Godthab Expedition 1928: Bryozoa. Meddelelser om Grønland 81:1–74.Google Scholar
Borg, F. 1930. On the Bryozoan fauna of Skelderviken. Arkiv för Zoologi 21:1–13.Google Scholar
Buge, E., and Debourie, A. 1977. Ecologie de la fauna de Bryozoaires d'une plage des environs de Tripole (Libye). Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-production Elf-Aquitaine 1:321–377.Google Scholar
Cabioch, L. 1961. Étude de la repartition des peuplements benthiques au large de Roscoff. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 2:1–40.Google Scholar
Cabioch, L. 1968. Contribution à la connaissance des peuplements benthiques de la Manche Occidentale. Travaux de statione Biologie Roscoff 18:493–720.Google Scholar
Calvet, L. 1896. Bryozoaires. Résultats scientifiques de la Campagne du ‘Cauden’ dans le Golfe de Gascogne. Annales de l'Université de Lyon 36:251–269.Google Scholar
Canu, F., and Bassler, R. S. 1925. Les Bryozoaires du Maroc et de Mauritanie. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc 10:1–79.Google Scholar
Canu, F., and Bassler, R. S. 1928. Fossil and Recent Bryozoa of the Gulf of Mexico region. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 72(14):1–199.Google Scholar
Castric-Fey, A. 1971a. Sur quelques Bryozoaires de l'Archipel de Glenan (Sud Finistère). Vie et Milieu (A) 22:69–86.Google Scholar
Castric-Fey, A. 1971b. Peuplements sessiles de l'Archipel de Glenan I.—Inventaire: Bryozoaires. Vie et Milieu (B) 22:193–226.Google Scholar
Castric-Fey, A. 1973. Aires et bryozoaires infralittoraux du plateau continental Sud-americain, Part 1, Plateau de Rochebonne et Ile d'Yue. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 14:205–216.Google Scholar
Choi, D. R., and Ginsburg, R. N. 1983. Distribution of coelobites (cavity-dwellers) in coral rubble across the Florida reef tract. Coral Reefs 2:165–172.Google Scholar
Collins, S. P. 1980. Notes on the distribution and ecology of marine Polyzoa from some shores in Cork and Kerry. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (A) 6:373–383.Google Scholar
Cook, P. L. 1985. Bryozoa from Ghana—a preliminary survey. Annales, Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale Tervuren. Belgique, Sciences Zoologique 238:1–315.Google Scholar
Cuffey, R. J., and Fonda, S. S. 1977. Cryptic bryozoan species and assemblages in modern coral reefs off Andros and Eleuthera, Bahamas. Proceedings of the International Coral Reef Symposium 3:81–86.Google Scholar
Dumont, J. P. C. 1981. A report on the cheilostome Bryozoa of the Sudanese Red Sea. Journal of Natural History 15:623–637.Google Scholar
Eggleston, D. 1969. Marine fauna of the Isle of Man: revised list of phylum Entoprocta (=Kamptozoa) and Ectoprocta (=Bryozoa). Pp. 57–80. In Annual Report, Marine Biological Station; Port Erin, U.K.Google Scholar
Eggleston, D. 1971. Bryozoa of Northumberland Shores. Manuscript for Proceedings of the Second Conference, International Bryozoology Association; Durham, England.Google Scholar
Eggleston, D. 1972. Factors influencing the distribution of sublittoral ectoprocts off the south of the Isle of Man. Journal of Natural History 6:247–260.Google Scholar
Eggleston, D. 1975. The marine fauna of the Cullercoats district. Ectoprocta. Report of the Dove Marine Laboratory 18:5–30.Google Scholar
Gautier, Y. V. 1957a. Résultats du ‘Professeur Lacaze Duthiers,’ 1, sur quelques Bryozoaires des cotes d'Algérie. Vie et Milieu (suppl. 6):101–115.Google Scholar
Gautier, Y. V. 1957b. Resultats du ‘Professeur Lacaze Duthiers,’ 2, Bryozoaires des Iles Baléare. Vie et Milieu (supp. 6):205–222.Google Scholar
Glemarec, M. 1964. Bionomie benthique de la partie orientale du Golfe du Morbihan. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 5:33–96.Google Scholar
Harmelin, J. G. 1969a. Bryozoaires récoltes au cors de la campagne du Jean Charcot en Mediterranée orientale. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 40:1179–1208.Google Scholar
Harmelin, J. G. 1969b. Bryozoaires récoltes au cors de la campagne du Jean Charcot en Mediterranée orientale. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 41:295–311.Google Scholar
Harmelin, J. G. 1973. Bryozoaires de l'herbier de posidoniés de l'île de Port-Cros. Rapport de la Commission International pour l'Exploration scientifique de la Mer Mediterranée, Paris 21:675–677.Google Scholar
Harmelin, J. G. 1977a. Bryozaires das Iles d'Héyères: cryptofauna bryozoologique des valves vides de Pinna nobilis recontrées dans les herbiers de Posidoniés. Travaux scientifiques du Parc National de la Port-Cros 3:143–157.Google Scholar
Harmelin, J. G. 1977b. Bryozaires du banc de la Conception (nord des Canaries) Campagne Cineca I du ‘Jean Charcot.’ Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 49:1057–1076.Google Scholar
Hayward, P. J. 1971. The marine fauna and flora of the Isles of Scilly: Bryozoa and Entoprocta. Journal of Natural History 5:481–489.Google Scholar
Hayward, P. J. 1976a. The marine fauna and flora of the Isles of Scilly: Bryozoa II. Journal of Natural History 10:319–330.Google Scholar
Hayward, P. J. 1976b. The marine fauna of Lundy. Bryozoa. Reports of the Lundy Field Society 27:1–18.Google Scholar
Hayward, P. J. 1978. Bryozoa from the west European continental slope. Journal of Zoology, London 184:207–224.Google Scholar
Hayward, P. J. 1979. Deep-water Bryozoa from the coasts of Spain and Portugal. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 20:59–75.Google Scholar
Hayward, P. J., and Ryland, J. S. 1978. Bryozoa from the Bay of Biscay and western approaches. Journal of the Marine Biology Association, United Kingdom 58:143–159.Google Scholar
d'Hondt, J. L. 1970. Campagne d'essais du “Jean Charcot” (3–8 Decembre 1968), 5: Bryozoaires. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 42:232–256.Google Scholar
d'Hondt, J. L. 1981. Bryozoaires Cheilostomes bathyaux et abyssaux provenant des campagnes oceanographiques americaines (1969–1972) de l' “Atlantis II”, du “Chain” et du “Knorr” (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution). Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 3(A):5–71.Google Scholar
d'Hondt, J. L., and Schopf, T. J. M. 1984. Bryozoaires des grandes profondeurs récueillis lore des campagnes oceanographiques de la Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution de 1961 à 1968. Bulletin de Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 3(A):907–973.Google Scholar
Hutchins, L. W. 1945. An annotated check-list of the salt-water Bryozoa of Long Island sound. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 36:533–551.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C. 1984. Ecology of cryptic coral reef communities, III: Abundance and aggregation of encrusting organisms with particular reference to Cheilostome Bryozoa. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 75:37–57.Google Scholar
Jagerskiold, L. A. 1971. A survey of the marine benthonic macro-fauna along the Swedish west coast 1921–1938 [Bryozoan identifications by F. Borg and L. Silén]. Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum et Litterarum Gothoburgensis (Zoologica) 6:–145.Google Scholar
Keough, M. 1986. (unpublished list, northwest Florida)Google Scholar
Könnecker, G. F., and Keegan, B. F. 1983. Littoral and benthic investigations on the west coast of Ireland XVII. The epibenthic animal associations of Kilkieran Bay. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (B) 83:309–324.Google Scholar
Laubier, L. 1966. Le coralligène des Alberes—monographic biocenotique. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, Monaco 43:137–316.Google Scholar
Levinsen, G. M. R. 1916. Bryozoa. Danmark-Ekspedionen til Grønland's Nordostkyst 1906–1908. III No. 16. Meddelelser om Grønland 43:433–472.Google Scholar
Maturo, F. J. S. 1957. A study of the Bryozoa of Beaufort, North Carolina, and vicinity. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 73:11–68.Google Scholar
Medioni, A. 1970. Les peuples sessiles des fonds rocheux de la region de Banyuls-sur-mer—Ascidiés, Bryozoaires. Vie et Milieu 21:591–656.Google Scholar
Nordgaard, O. 1907. Bryozoen von dem norwegischen Fischereidampfer ‘Michael Sars’ in dem Jahr en 1900–1904 gesammelt. Bergens Museum Aarbog 1907 2:1–20.Google Scholar
Osburn, R. C. 1912a. Bryozoa of the Woods Hole region. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, Washington 30:205–266.Google Scholar
Osburn, R. C. 1912b. Bryozoa from Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, collected by Dr. Owen Bryant. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 43:275–289.Google Scholar
Osburn, R. C. 1914. The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida. Papers from the Tortugas Laboratory, Carnegie Institute 5:183–222.Google Scholar
Osburn, R. C. 1919. Bryozoa of the Crocker Land Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 41:603–624.Google Scholar
Osburn, R. C. 1940. Bryozoa of Porto Rico with a resume of the West Indian bryozoan fauna. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 16:321–486.Google Scholar
Osburn, R. C. 1947. Bryozoa of the Allan Hancock Atlantic Expedition, 1939. Allan Hancock Atlantic Expedition Report 5:1–65.Google Scholar
Poluzzi, A. 1979. I Briozoi dei fondi mobili tra Ancona e la Foce del Fiume Reno (adriatico Settentrionale). Giornale di Geologia, Bologna 43:1–20.Google Scholar
Powell, N. A. 1968a. Studies on Bryozoa (Polyzoa) of the Bay of Fundy region, Part 2: Bryozoa from fifty fathoms, Bay of Fundy. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 9:247–259.Google Scholar
Powell, N. A. 1968b. Bryozoa (Polyzoa) of arctic Canada. Journal of the Fisheries Resource Board of Canada 25:2269–2320.Google Scholar
Powell, N. A., and Crowell, G. D. 1967. Studies on Bryozoa (Polyzoa) of the Bay of Fundy region, Part 1: Bryozoa from the intertidal zone of Minas Bay and Bay of Fundy. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 8:331–347.Google Scholar
Pulpiero, E. Fernandez, and Babio, C. R. 1980. Aportaciones al conocimento de la fauna briozoologica del littoral de la ria de Vigo. Investigación Pesquera (Barcelona) 44:119.Google Scholar
Roper, R. E. 1913a. The marine Polyzoa of Northumberland. Report of the Dove Marine Laboratory (n.s.) 2:36–57.Google Scholar
Roper, R. E. 1913b. Polyzoa. Report of the Dove Marine Laboratory (n.s.) 2:70–75.Google Scholar
Rucker, J. B. 1967. Paleoecological analysis of Cheilostome Bryozoa from Venezuela-British Guiana shelf sediments. Bulletin of Marine Science 17:787–839.Google Scholar
Ryland, J. S. 1963a. A collection of Polyzoa from the west of Scotland. Scottish Naturalist 71:13–22.Google Scholar
Ryland, J. S. 1963b. Systematic and biological studies on Polyzoa (Bryozoa) from Western Norway. Sarsia 14:1–59.Google Scholar
Scolaro, R. J. 1968. Paleoecologic interpretation of some Florida Miocene Bryozoa. Preliminary report: U.S.A. Atti della Societa Italiana di Science Naturali e Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 108:174–177.Google Scholar
Shaw, N. G. 1967. Cheilostomata from Gulfian (Upper Cretaceous) rocks of southwestern Arkansas. Journal of Paleontology 41:1393–1432.Google Scholar
Shiers, D. E. 1964. Marine Bryozoa from Northwest Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, Gulf Caribbean 14:603–662.Google Scholar
Unsal, I. 1975. Bryozoaires marins de Turquie. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Mecmuasi (B) 40:37–54.Google Scholar
Winston, J. E. 1982. Marine bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of the Indian River area (Florida). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 173:99–176.Google Scholar
Winston, J. E. 1984. Shallow-water bryozoans of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. American Museum Novitates 2799.Google Scholar