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Live, dead, and fossil mollusks in Florida freshwater springs and spring-fed rivers: Taphonomic pathways and the formation of multisourced, time-averaged death assemblages

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2020

Kristopher M. Kusnerik Open the ORCID record for Kristopher M. Kusnerik [Opens in a new window] ,
Guy H. Means Open the ORCID record for Guy H. Means [Opens in a new window] ,
Roger W. Portell Open the ORCID record for Roger W. Portell [Opens in a new window] ,
Mark Brenner ,
Quan Hua Open the ORCID record for Quan Hua [Opens in a new window] ,
Alshina Kannai ,
Ryan Means ,
Mariah A. Monroe  and
Michał Kowalewski Open the ORCID record for Michał Kowalewski [Opens in a new window]
Kristopher M. Kusnerik
Affiliation:
Division of Invertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, U.S.A. E-mail: kmkusnerik@ufl.edu
Guy H. Means
Affiliation:
Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Florida32303, U.S.A. E-mail: Guy.Means@dep.state.fl.us
Roger W. Portell
Affiliation:
Division of Invertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, U.S.A. E-mail: portell@flmnh.ufl.edu, alshinakannai@ufl.edu, monroem@mail.usf.edu, mkowalewski@flmnh.ufl.edu
Mark Brenner
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences and Land Use and Environmental Change Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, U.S.A. E-mail: brenner@ufl.edu
Quan Hua
Affiliation:
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales, Australia, 2232. E-mail: qhx@ansto.gov.au
Alshina Kannai
Affiliation:
Division of Invertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, U.S.A. E-mail: portell@flmnh.ufl.edu, alshinakannai@ufl.edu, monroem@mail.usf.edu, mkowalewski@flmnh.ufl.edu
Ryan Means
Affiliation:
Coastal Plains Institute, Crawfordville, Florida32327, U.S.A. E-mail: ryan@coastalplains.org
Mariah A. Monroe
Affiliation:
Division of Invertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, U.S.A. E-mail: portell@flmnh.ufl.edu, alshinakannai@ufl.edu, monroem@mail.usf.edu, mkowalewski@flmnh.ufl.edu
Michał Kowalewski
Affiliation:
Division of Invertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, U.S.A. E-mail: portell@flmnh.ufl.edu, alshinakannai@ufl.edu, monroem@mail.usf.edu, mkowalewski@flmnh.ufl.edu
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Abstract

Taphonomic processes are informative about the magnitude and timing of paleoecological changes but remain poorly understood with respect to freshwater invertebrates in spring-fed rivers and streams. We compared taphonomic alteration among freshwater gastropods in live, dead (surficial shell accumulations), and fossil (late Pleistocene–early Holocene in situ sediments) assemblages from two Florida spring-fed systems, the Wakulla and Silver/Ocklawaha Rivers. We assessed taphonomy of two gastropod species: the native Elimia floridensis (n = 2504) and introduced Melanoides tuberculata (n = 168). We quantified seven taphonomic attributes (aperture condition, color, fragmentation, abrasion, juvenile spire condition, dissolution, and exterior luster) and combined those attributes into a total taphonomic score (TT). Fossil E. floridensis specimens exhibited the greatest degradation (highest TT scores), whereas live specimens of both species were least degraded. Specimens of E. floridensis from death assemblages were less altered than fossil specimens of the same species. Within death assemblages, specimens of M. tuberculata were significantly less altered than specimens of E. floridensis, but highly degraded specimens dominated in both species. Radiocarbon dates on fossils clustered between 9792 and 7087 cal BP, whereas death assemblage ages ranged from 10,692 to 1173 cal BP. Possible explanations for the observed taphonomic patterns include: (1) rapid taphonomic shell alteration, (2) prolonged near-surface exposure to moderate alteration rates, and/or (3) introduction of reworked fossil shells into surficial assemblages. Combined radiocarbon dates and taphonomic analyses suggest that all these processes may have played a role in death assemblage formation. In these fluvial settings, shell accumulations develop as a complex mixture of specimens derived from multiple sources and characterized by multimillennial time-averaging. These findings suggest that, when available, fossil assemblages may be more appropriate than death assemblages for assessing preindustrial faunal associations and recent anthropogenic changes in freshwater ecosystems.

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Paleobiology , Volume 46 , Issue 3 , August 2020 , pp. 356 - 378
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Copyright © 2020 The Paleontological Society. All rights reserved

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Footnotes

Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository:https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.v9s4mw6qt

References

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