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Cross-cultural validation of the Cancer Stigma Scale in the general Japanese population

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2020

Emi Takeuchi Open the ORCID record for Emi Takeuchi [Opens in a new window] ,
Daisuke Fujisawa Open the ORCID record for Daisuke Fujisawa [Opens in a new window] ,
Rina Miyawaki ,
Hiroko Yako-Suketomo ,
Koichiro Oka ,
Masaru Mimura  and
Miyako Takahashi
Emi Takeuchi*
Affiliation:
School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
Daisuke Fujisawa
Affiliation:
School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Rina Miyawaki
Affiliation:
School of Arts and Letters, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
Hiroko Yako-Suketomo
Affiliation:
Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Tokyo, Japan
Koichiro Oka
Affiliation:
Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
Masaru Mimura
Affiliation:
School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Miyako Takahashi
Affiliation:
Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
*
Author for correspondence: Emi Takeuchi, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan. E-mail: etakeuch@ncc.go.jp
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Abstract

Background

The stigma associated with cancer has negative impacts on cancer patients as well as the general public, who have a potential risk of cancer. To the best of our knowledge, a validated measure to assess cancer stigma among the general Japanese population does not exist.

Method

We translated the Cancer Stigma Scale (CASS) — a 25-item self-administered scale to evaluate stigma related to cancer — into Japanese and examined its psychometric properties. The Japanese version of CASS (J-CASS) was validated among a sample of the general Japanese population through an online survey to validate its test–retest reliability, internal consistency, and concurrent validity.

Results

A total of 319 responses were included in the analysis. An exploratory factor analysis eliminated two original items but showed a six-factor model (Awkwardness, Severity, Avoidance, Policy Opposition, Personal Responsibility, and Financial Discrimination), which was similar to the original scale. Cronbach's alpha for each factor was satisfactory, ranging from 0.81 to 0.91. The internal correlation coefficients were above 0.70, except for Policy Opposition. The total and subtotal scores of each factor of the J-CASS were significantly associated with respondents’ age, gender, familiarity with cancer patients, and social desirability, demonstrating the scales’ good concurrent validity. A substantial proportion of the participants selected “unsure” for some items of the scale, suggesting a further need for refining the scale.

Significance of results

This study demonstrated that J-CASS is a reliable and valid measure for evaluating misconceptions and stigma toward cancer in the general Japanese population.

Keywords

CancerDiscriminationJapanStereotypeStigma
Type
Original Article
Information
Palliative & Supportive Care , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , February 2021 , pp. 75 - 81
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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