Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T16:25:55.291Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

From the culture of spolia to the cult of relics: the Arch of Constantine and the genesis of late antique forms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2013

Get access

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © British School at Rome 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alchermes, J. (1994) Spolia in Roman cities of the late empire: legislative rationales and architectural reuse. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 48: 167–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angelicoussis, E. (1984) The panel reliefs of Marcus Aurelius. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts: Römische Abteilung 91: 141205.Google Scholar
Barnes, T.D. (1981) Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Benko, S. (1980) Virgil's Fourth Eclogue in Christian interpretation. Aufstieg und Niedergang des Römischen Welt 31 (1): 646705.Google Scholar
Berenson, B. (1954) The Arch of Constantine or the Decline of Form. London, Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Bergmann, M. (1994) Der Koloß Neros, die Domus Aurea und der Mentalitätswandel im Rom der Frühen Kaiserzeit. Mainz, P. von Zabern.Google Scholar
Bergmann, M. and Zanker, P. (1981) ‘Damnatio Memoriae’: Umgearbeitete Nero- und Domitiansporträts. Zur Ikonographie der flavischen Kaiser und des Nerva. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Rom 96: 317412.Google Scholar
Bertoletti, M. and La Rocca, E. (1987) Rilievi storici capitolini. Rome, De Luca.Google Scholar
Blanck, H. (1969) Wiederverwendung alter Statuen als Ehrendenkmäler bei Griechen und Römern. Rome, L'‘Erma’ di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Boatwright, M. (1987) Hadrian and the City of Rome. Princeton, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Born, H. and Stemmer, K. (1996) Damnatio Memoriae das Berliner Nero-Porträt (Sammlung Axel Guttmann V). Mainz am Rhein, Sammlung Guttmann bei von Zabern.Google Scholar
Brandenburg, H. (1981) Ars Humilis. Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 24: 7184.Google Scholar
Brandenburg, H. (1996) Die Verwendung von Spolien und originalen Werkstücken in der spätantiken Architektur. In Poeschke, J. (ed.), Antike Spolien in der Architektur des Mittelalters und der Renaissance: 1148. Munich, Hirmer Verlag.Google Scholar
Brenk, B. (1987) Spolia from Constantine to Charlemagne: aesthetics versus ideology. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 41: 103–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenk, B. (1996) Spolien und ihre Wirkung auf die Ästhetik der varietas. Zum Problem alternierender Kapitelltypen. In Poeschke, J. (ed.), Antike Spolien in der Architektur des Mittelalters und der Renaissance: 4992. Munich, Hirmer Verlag.Google Scholar
Brilliant, R. (1984) Visual Narratives. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, P. (1981) The Cult of the Saints. London, SCM Press.Google Scholar
Buttrey, T.V. (1983) The dates of the arches of ‘Diocletian’ and Constantine. Historia 32: 375–83.Google Scholar
Calza, R. (19591960) Un problema di iconografia imperiale sulParco di Costantino. Atti della Pontiflcia Accademia Romana di Archeologia: Rendiconti 32: 133–61.Google Scholar
Camesasca, E. and Piazza, G. (1993) (eds) Raffaello, gli scritti, lettere, firme, sonetti, saggi tecnici e teorici. Milan, Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli.Google Scholar
Cameron, A. and Hall, S. (1999) (trans., introduction and commentary) Eusebius: Life of Constantine. Oxford, Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capodiferro, A. (1993) Arco di Costantino. In Steinby, E.M., Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae I: 8691. Rome, Edizioni Quasar.Google Scholar
Cima, M. (1980) Decorazione architettonica. In Il Tempio di Romolo al Foro Romano (Quaderni dell'Istituto di storia dell'architettura 26): 103–20. Rome, Multigrafica Editrice.Google Scholar
Charlet, J.-L., Guyon, J. and Carletti, C. (1986) Damase et les martyrs romains. Vatican City, Pontificia Commissione di Archeologia.Google Scholar
Clark, E.A. and Hatch, D.F. (1981) The Golden Bough, the Oaken Cross: the Virgilian Cento of Faltonia Betitia Proba. Chico, CA., Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Crusius, O. (1899) Cento. In Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumwissenschaft 3 (2): 1,92932.Google Scholar
Cullhed, M. (1994) Conservator Urbis Suae: Studies in the Politics and Propaganda of the Emperor Maxentius. Stockholm, Svenska Institut i Rom.Google Scholar
Curran, J. (1994) Moving statues in late antique Rome: problems of perspective. Art History 17: 4658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dagron, G. (1974) Naissance d'une capitale. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Deichmann, F.W. (1975) Die Spolien in der Spätantiken Architektur. Munich, Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
de Lachenal, L. (1995) Spolia: uso e reimpiego dell'antico dal III at XIV secolo. Milan, Longanesi.Google Scholar
DeLaine, J. (1997) The Baths of Caracalla. Portsmouth, R. I., Journal of Roman Archaeology.Google Scholar
Delehaye, H. (1912) Les origines du culte des martyrs. Brussels, Société des Bollandistes.Google Scholar
Delehaye, H. (1927) Sanctus: essai sur le culte des saints dans l'antiquité. Brussels, Société des Bollandistes.Google Scholar
Delehaye, H. (1930) Loca sanctorum. Analecta Bollandiana 48: 564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Maria, S. (1988) Gli archi onorari di Roma e dell'Italia Romana. Rome, L'‘Erma’ di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Eisner, J. (1995) Art and the Roman Viewer: the Transformation of Art from the Pagan World to Christianity. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eisner, J. (1998) Berenson's decline, or his Arch of Constantine reconsidered. Apollo 148 (July): 20–2.Google Scholar
Esch, A. (1969) Spolien. Zur Wiederverwendung antiker Baustücker und Skulpturen in mitteralterischen Italien. Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 51: 164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evers, C. (1991) Remarques sur l'iconographie de Constantin: à propos du remploi de portraits des ‘bons empereurs’. Mélanges de l'Ecole Française à Rome: Antiquité 103: 785806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fittschen, K. and Zanker, P. (1970) Die Kolossalstatue des Severus Alexander in Neapel — eine wiederverwendete Statue des Elegabal. Archäologischer Anzeiger: 248–53.Google Scholar
Fowden, G. (1993) The last days of Constantine. Journal of Roman Studies 83: 146–70.Google Scholar
Frothingham, A.C. (19121915) Who built the Arch of Constantine? Its history from Domitian to Constantine. American Journal of Archaeology 16: 368–86; 17: 487–503; 19: 1–12, 367–85.Google Scholar
Gärtner, H. and Liebermann, W.-L. (1997) Cento. In Der Neue Pauly 2: 1,0614.Google Scholar
Gibbon, E. (1776) The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 1 (ed. Wormesly, D., 1994). London, Allen Lane/Penguin.Google Scholar
Giuliano, A. (1956) L'arco di Costantino. Milan, Istituto Editoriale Domus.Google Scholar
Giuliano, A. (1983) (ed.) Museo nazionale romano: le sculture 1.5. Rome, De Luca.Google Scholar
Goldwater, R. and Treves, M. (1945) Artists on Art. London, Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Gradara, C. (1918) Restauri settecenteschi fatti all'Arco di Costantino. Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Communale di Roma 46: 161–4.Google Scholar
Grünewald, T. (1990) Constantinus Maximus Augustus (Historia Einzelschriften 64). Stuttgart, F. Steiner.Google Scholar
Guberti Bassett, S. (1991) The antiquities in the Hippodrome of Constantinople. Dumbarton Oaks Papers AS: 8796.Google Scholar
Guberti Bassett, S. (1996) Historiae Custos: sculpture and tradition in the Baths of Zeuxippos. American Journal of Archaeology 100: 491506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guberti Bassett, S. (2000) ‘Excellent offerings’: the Lausos collection in Constantinople. Art Bulletin 82: 625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, L.J. (1998) Cicero's Instinctu divino and Constantine's Instinctu divinitatis: the evidence of the Arch of Constantine for the senatorial view of the ‘Vision’ of Constantine. Journal of Early Christian Studies 6: 647–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannestad, N. (1994) Tradition in Late Antique Sculpture. Aarhus, Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Haskell, F. (1993) History and Its Images. New Haven and London, Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Haynes, D. and Hirst, P. (1939) Porta Argentariorum. London, Macmillan for the British School at Rome.Google Scholar
Heisenberg, A. (1908) Grabeskirche und Apostelkirche 2. Leipzig, J.C. Hinrich.Google Scholar
Hoch, C. (1997) Apollo Centonarius. Tubingen, Stauffenberg.Google Scholar
Hunt, D. (1998) The successors of Constantine. Cambridge Ancient History 13: 143. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Huskinson, J. (1998) ‘Unfinished portrait heads’ on later Roman sarcophagi: some new perspectives. Papers of the British School at Rome 66: 129–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iacopi, I. (1977) L'arco di Costantino e le terme di Caracalla. Rome, Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato/Libreria dello Stato.Google Scholar
Iversen, M. (1993) Alois Riegl: Art History and Theory. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.Google Scholar
James, L. (1996) ‘Pray not to fall into temptation and be on your guard’. Gesta 35: 1220.Google Scholar
Jucker, H. (1981) Iulisch-Claudische Kaiser- und Prinzenporträts als ‘Palimpseste’. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Rom 96: 236316.Google Scholar
Kähler, H. (1953) Römische Gebälke 2.1: Die Gebälke des Konstantinsbogen. Heidelberg, C. Winter.Google Scholar
Kinney, D. (1995) Rape or restitution of the past: interpreting spolia. In Scott, S.C. (ed.), The Art of Interpreting (Papers in Art History from the Pennsylvania State University 9): 5367. University Park, PA., Pennsylvania University Press.Google Scholar
Kinney, D. (1997) Spolia, damnatio and renovatio memoriae. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 42: 117–8.Google Scholar
Kitzinger, E. (1977) Byzantine Art in the Making. London, Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Kleiner, D.E.E (1992) Roman Sculpture. New Haven and London, Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Knudsen, S.E. (1989) Spolia: the so-called historical frieze on the Arch of Constantine. American Journal of Archaeology 93: 267–8.Google Scholar
Knudsen, S.E. (1990) Spolia: the pedestal reliefs on the Arch of Constantine. American Journal of Archaeology 94: 313–14.Google Scholar
Koeppel, G. (1983) Die historischen Reliefs der römischen Kaiserzeit I: stadtrömische Denkmäler unbekannter Bauzugehörigkeit aus augusteischer und julisch-claudischer Zeit. Bonner Jahrbücher 183: 61144.Google Scholar
Koeppel, G. (1984) Die historischen Reliefs der römischen Kaiserzeit II: stadtrömische Denkmäler unbekannter Bauzugehörigkeit aus flavischer Zeit. Bonner Jahrbücher 184: 165.Google Scholar
Koeppel, G. (1985) Die historischen Reliefs der römischen Kaiserzeit III: stadtrömische Denkmäler unbekannter Bauzugehörigkeit aus trajanischer Zeit. Bonner Jahrbücher 185: 143215.Google Scholar
Koeppel, G. (1986) Die historischen Reliefs der römischen Kaiserzeit IV: stadtrömische Denkmäler unbekannter Bauzugehörigkeit aus hadrianischer bis konstantinischer Zeit. Bonner Jahrbücher 186: 191.Google Scholar
Koeppel, G. (1990) Die historischen Reliefs der römischen Kaiserzeit VII: der Bogen des Septimius Severus, die Decennalienbasis und der Konstantinsbogen. Bonner Jahrbücher 190: 164.Google Scholar
Kötting, B. (1950) Peregrinatio Religiosa. Minister, Regensberg.Google Scholar
Krautheimer, R. (1971) On Constantine's Church of the Apostles in Constantinople. In Krautheimer, R.K., Studies in Early Christian, Medieval and Renaissance Art: 2734. London, University of London Press.Google Scholar
Krautheimer, R., Corbett, S. and Frazer, A.K. (1977) Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae V. Vatican City, Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana.Google Scholar
Kuttner, A. (forthcoming) Acclaiming the new Augustus: text and image in the Arch of Constantine. Word and Image (non vidi).Google Scholar
Lamacchia, R. (1984) Cento. In Enciclopedia Virgiliana I: 734–7. Rome, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.Google Scholar
Lamberton, R. (1986) Homer the Theologian. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lamberton, R. (1992) The neoplatonists and the spiritualization of Homer. In Lamberton, R. and Keaney, J. (eds), Homer's Ancient Readers: 115–33. Princeton, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lane Fox, R. (1986) Pagans and Christians. Harmondsworth, Viking Penguin.Google Scholar
Laubscher, H.P. (1976) Arcus Novus und Arcus Claudii: zwei Triumphbögen an der Via Lata in Rom. Nachrichter der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: 65108.Google Scholar
Leander Touati, A.M. (1987) The Great Trajanic Frieze. Stockholm/Göteberg, Svenska Institutet i Rom/Astroms Forlag.Google Scholar
Leeb, R. (1992) Konstantin und Christus. Berlin, W. De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Lega, C. (19891990) Il Colosso di Nerone. Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 93: 339–78.Google Scholar
Levitan, W. (1985) Dancing at the end of a rope: Optatian Porfyry and the field of Roman verse. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 115: 245–69.Google Scholar
Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. (1979) Continuity and Change in Roman Religion. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
L'Orange, H.P. (1984) Das Römische Herrscherbild III.4: das Spätantike Herrscherbild von Diokletian bis zu den Konstantin-Söhnen 284–361 n. chr. Berlin, Gebr. Mann.Google Scholar
L'Orange, H.P. and von Gerkan, A. (1939) Der Spätantike Bildschmuck des Konstantinsbogens. Berlin, Verlag Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
MacCormack, S. (1998) The Shadows of Poetry: Vergil in the Mind of Augustine. Berkeley, University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magi, F. (19561957) Il coronamento dell'Arco di Costantino. Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia: Rendiconti 29: 83110.Google Scholar
Malamud, M. (1989) A Poetics of Transformation: Prudentius and Classical Mythology. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Malbon, E. (1990) The Iconography of the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. Princeton, Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mango, C. (1963) Antique statuary and the Byzantine beholder. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 17: 5575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mango, C. (1990a) Constantine's mausoleum and the translation of relics. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 83: 5162.Google Scholar
Mango, C. (1990b) Constantine's mausoleum: an addendum. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 83: 434.Google Scholar
Mango, C., Vickers, M. and Francis, E.D. (1992) The Palace of Lausus at Constantinople and its collection of ancient statues. Journal of the History of Collections 4: 8998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maraval, P. (1985) Lieux saints et pèlegrinages d'Orient. Paris, Cerf.Google Scholar
Marvin, M. (1983) The freestanding statues of the Baths of Caracalla. American Journal of Archaeology 87: 347–84.Google Scholar
Massini, A. (1993) The Arch of Constantine revisited: a study of its critique, use and interpretation in the Renaissance. Can the Arch of Constantine be seen as a positive monument? Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London M.A. Report.Google Scholar
Mathews, K.R. (1999) Expressing political legitimacy and cultural identity through the use of spolia on the ambo of Henry II. Medieval Encounters 5: 156–83.Google Scholar
McLynn, N. (1994) Ambrose of Milan. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Melucco Vaccaro, A. and Ferroni, A.M. (19931994) Cui costrui l'Arco di Costantino? Un interrogativo ancora attuale. Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia: Rendiconti 66: 160.Google Scholar
Miller, P.C. (1998) ‘Differential networks’: relics and other fragments in late antiquity. Journal of Early Christian Studies 6: 113–38.Google Scholar
Nixon, C.E.V. (1990) The use of the past by the Gallic Panegyrists. In Clarke, G. (ed.), Reading the Past in Late Antiquity: 136. Rushcutters Bay, Australian National University Press.Google Scholar
Nobiloni, B. (1997) Le colonne vitinee della basilica di San Pietro a Roma. Xenia Antiqua 6: 81142.Google Scholar
Nugent, S. (1990) Ausonius' ‘late-antique’ poetics and ‘post-modern’ literary theory. Ramus 19: 2663.Google Scholar
Olin, M. (1992) Forms of Representation in Alois Riegl's Theory of Art. University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Oppermann, M. (1991) Bemerkungen zu einem Jagddenkmal des Kaisers Hadrian. Nikephoros 4: 211–17.Google Scholar
Packer, J.E. (1997) The Forum of Trajan in Rome. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Panella, C. (1990) La valle del Colosseo nell'antichità. Bollettino di Archeologia 1–2: 3588.Google Scholar
Panella, C., Pensabene, P., Milella, M. and Wilson Jones, M. (1995) Scavo nell'area della Meta Sudans e ricerche sull'arco di Costantino. Quaderni di Archeologia Etrusco-Italica 23 (= Archeologia Laziale 12(1)): 4161.Google Scholar
Pekary, T. (1985) Das Römische Kaiserbildnis in Staat, Kult und Gesellschaft (Das Römische Herrscherbild III). Berlin, Gebr. Mann.Google Scholar
Pensabene, P. (1988) The Arch of Constantine: marble samples. In Herz, N. and Waelkens, M. (eds), Classical Marble: Geochemistry, Technology and Trade: 411–18. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Pensabene, P. (1993) Il reimpiego nell'età Costantina a Roma. In Bonamente, G. and Fusco, F. (eds), Costantino il Grande 2: 749–68. Macerata, Università degli Studi di Macerata.Google Scholar
Pensabene, P. (1995) Reimpiego e nuove mode architettoniche nelle basiliche cristiane di Roma tra IV e VI secolo. Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum Ergänzungsband 20 (2): 1,07696.Google Scholar
Pensabene, P. (1999) Progetto unitario e reimpiegio nell'Arco di Costantino. In Pensabene, P. and Panella, C., Arco di Costantino: tra archeologia e archeometria: 1342. Rome, L'‘Erma’ di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Pensabene, P. and Panella, C. (19931994) Reimpiego e progettazione architettonica nei monumenti tardoantichi di Roma. Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia: Rendiconti 66: 111283.Google Scholar
Pensabene, P. and Panella, C. (1999) Arco di Costantino: tra archeologia e archeometria. Rome, L'‘Erma’ di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Pierce, P. (1989) The Arch of Constantine: propaganda and ideology in late Roman art. Art History 12: 387–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pietri, C. (1976) Roma Christiana I. Rome, École Française de Rome.Google Scholar
Poeschke, J. (1996) (ed.) Antike Spolien in der Architektur des Mittelalters und der Renaissance. Munich, Hirmer Verlag.Google Scholar
Pohlsander, H.A. (1995) Helena: Empress and Saint. Chicago, Ares Publishers.Google Scholar
Pollini, J. (1984) Damnatio memoriae in stone: two portraits of Nero recut to Vespasian in American Museums. American Journal of Archaeology 88: 547–55.Google Scholar
Punzi, R. (1999) Fonti documentarie per una rilettura delle vicende post-antiche dell'Arco di Costantino. In Pensabene, P. and Panella, C., Arco di Costantino: tra archeologia e archeometria: 185228. Rome, L'‘Erma’ di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Raeder, J. (1983) Die Statuarische Ausstattung der Villa Hadriana bei Tivoli. Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Richardson, L. Jr. (1975) The date and program of the Arch of Constantine. Archeologia Classica 27: 72–8.Google Scholar
Riegl, A. (1901) Spätrömische Kunstindustrie. Vienna, Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.Google Scholar
Riegl, A. (1985) Late Roman Art Industry. Rome, G. Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Roberts, M. (1989) The Jeweled Style. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Rohmann, J. (1998) Die spätantiken Kaiserporträts am Konstantinsbogen in Rom. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts: Römische Abteilung 105: 259–82.Google Scholar
Ruysschaert, J. (19621963) Essai d'interprétation synthétique de l'ac de Constantin. Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia: Rendiconti 35: 79100.Google Scholar
Ryberg, I.S. (1967) The Panel Reliefs of Marcus Aurelius. New York, Archaeological Institute of America.Google Scholar
Saradi, H. (1997) The use of ancient spolia in Byzantine monuments: the archaeological and literary evidence. International Journal of the Classical Tradition 3: 395–123.Google Scholar
Saradi-Mendelovici, H. (1990) Christian attitudes toward pagan monuments in late antiquity. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 44: 4761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt-Colinet, A. (1996) Zur Ikonographie der hadrianischen Tondi am Konstantinsbogen. In Blakolmer, F. (ed.), Fremde Zeiten. Festschrift Jürgen Borchardt II: 261–73. Vienna, Phoibos.Google Scholar
Schrenk, S. (1995) Typos und Antitypos in der Frkühchristliche Kunst. Munster, Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Slavitt, D. (1998) Ausonius: Three Amusements. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Smith, R.R.R. (1997) The public image of Licinius I: portrait sculpture and imperial ideology in the early fourth century. Journal of Roman Studies 87: 170202.Google Scholar
Spivey, N. (1995) Stumbling towards Byzantium: the decline and fall of late antique sculpture. Apollo 142 (July): 20–3.Google Scholar
Steiner, A.M. (1994) Cui costruì l'Arco di Costantino? Rivelazioni su un monumento simbolo del mondo romano. Archeo: 3845.Google Scholar
Stewart, P. (1999) The destruction of statues in late antiquity. In Miles, R. (ed.), Constructing Identities in Late Antiquity: 159–89. London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Strong, D. (1988) Roman Art. Harmondsworth, Penguin.Google Scholar
Strong, D. (1994) Roman Museums. London, Pindar Press.Google Scholar
Stuart Jones, H. (1906) Notes on Roman historical sculptures. Papers of the British School at Rome 3: 217–71.Google Scholar
Stucchi, S. (19491950) L'Arco detto ‘di Portogallo’ sulla via Flaminia. Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Communale di Roma 73: 101–22.Google Scholar
Torelli, M. (1992) Topografia e iconologia. Arco di Portogallo, Ara Pads, Ara Providentiae, Templum Solis. Ostraka 1: 105–31.Google Scholar
Torelli, M. (1993a) Arco di Portogallo. In Steinby, E.M., Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae I: 77–9. Rome, Edizioni Quasar.Google Scholar
Torelli, M. (1993b) Arcus Novus. In Steinby, E.M., Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae I: 101–2. Rome, Edizioni Quasar.Google Scholar
Toynbee, J. and Ward-Perkins, J.B. (1956) The Shrine of St Peter. London, Longmans, Green and Co.Google Scholar
Turcan, R. (1991) Les tondi d'Hadrien sur l'arc de Constantin. Académie des Inscriptions et Belleslettres: Comptes Rendus: 5380.Google Scholar
Usher, M. (1998) Homeric Stitchings: the Homeric Centos of the Empress Eudocia. Lanham, Md., Oxford Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Vasari, G. (1568) Le vite de'piu eccellenti pittori, scultori ed archittetori (ed. Milanesi, G., 1878). Florence, Sansoni.Google Scholar
Vittinghoff, F. (1936) Der Staatfeind in der Römischen Kaiserzeit. Untersuchungen zur ‘Damnatio Memoriae’. Berlin, Junker und Dünnhaupt.Google Scholar
von Sydow, W. (1969) Zur Kunstgeschichte des Spätantiken Portrdts im 4 Jahrhunderst n. Chr. Bonn, R. Habelt.Google Scholar
Wace, A.J.B. (1907) Studies in Roman historical reliefs. Papers of the British School at Rome 4: 270–6.Google Scholar
Waelkens, M. (1985) From a Phrygian quarry: the provenance of the statues of the Dacian prisoners in Trajan's Forum at Rome. American Journal of Archaeology 89: 641–53.Google Scholar
Walton, A. (1924) The date of the Arch of Constantine. Memoirs of the American Academy at Rome 4: 169–80.Google Scholar
Ward-Perkins, B. (1999) Reusing the architectural legacy of the past, Entre Idéologie et Pragmatisme. In Brogiolo, G.P. and Ward-Perkins, B. (eds), The Idea and Ideal of the Town Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: 225–4. Leiden, Brill.Google Scholar
Ward-Perkins, J.B. (1952) The shrine of St Peter's and its 12 spiral columns. Journal of Roman Studies 42: 2133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson Jones, M. (forthcoming) Genesis and mimesis: the design of the Arch of Constantine in Rome. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians.Google Scholar
Woods, D. (1991) The date of the translation of the relics of SS. Andrew and Luke to Constantinople. Vigiliae Christianae 45: 286–92.Google Scholar
Woods, D. (1997) Where did Constantine I die? Journal of Theological Studies 48: 531–5.Google Scholar
Zanker, P. (1988) The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar