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RIVERBED, BANKS AND BEYOND: AN EXAMINATION OF ROMAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND INTERVENTIONS IN RESPONSE TO HYDROLOGICAL RISK IN THE PO–VENETIAN PLAIN
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 November 2021
Abstract
Water poses a particular challenge to the cities and settlements of the Po–Venetian plain. The region has some of the highest levels of precipitation in Italy and is criss-crossed by dozens of rivers, including the Po, Adige and Tagliamento. Throughout history, there was considerable hydrological risk to the well-being of riparian communities from hazards such as flooding and lateral channel movement, yet local residents did not sit idly by. This article synthesizes the available evidence for Roman responses to hydrological risk in the Po–Venetian plain from the first century BC to the sixth century AD, examining their workings and the hazards they sought to counteract, integrating them into wider discussions on risk in the Roman world. The responses are divided into the categories of defensive works (embankments and dykes) and channel interventions (channel rectification, channel diversion and dredging). While the effectiveness of these methods is questioned, in particular their potential to cause unintended changes to the watercourse, the decision by riparian communities to undertake them suggests a degree of local success. Nevertheless, an examination of the archaeological and palaeoclimatic evidence suggests a discrepancy between peak intervention and peak risk, implying increasing vulnerability and risk acceptance amongst riparian communities during late antiquity.
L'acqua pone una particolare sfida alle città e agli insediamenti della pianura padano-veneta. La regione è caratterizzata da alcuni tra i più alti livelli di precipitazioni in Italia ed è attraversata da molti fiumi, tra cui il Po, l'Adige e il Tagliamento. Nel corso della storia, le comunità rivierasche hanno dovuto affrontare un notevole rischio idrologico legato a inondazioni e instabilità dei canali laterali. Gli abitanti dell'area non sono certamente rimasti a guardare. Questo articolo propone una sintesi delle evidenze disponibili relativamente alle risposte romane al rischio idrologico nella pianura padano-veneta dal I secolo a.C. al VI secolo d.C., esaminando il loro funzionamento e i pericoli che hanno cercato di contrastare, integrandole in più ampie discussioni sul rischio nel mondo romano. Le soluzioni individuate per arginare il rischio idrogeologico sono suddivise nelle categorie di opere difensive (argini e fossati) e interventi di canalizzazione (modifiche e deviazioni dei canali e dragaggio). Sebbene l'efficacia di questi metodi sia stata messa in dubbio, in particolare la loro possibilità di causare cambiamenti non intenzionali al corso d'acqua, la decisione delle comunità rivierasche di adottarli suggerisce un certo grado di successo locale. Tuttavia, un esame delle testimonianze archeologiche e paleoclimatiche suggerisce una discrepanza tra il picco di intervento e il picco di rischio, implicando una crescente vulnerabilità e un'accettazione del rischio tra le comunità rivierasche durante la tarda antichità.
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Footnotes
1
I wish to thank Tyler Franconi for his invaluable comments and feedback on earlier drafts of this article. I would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers who kindly made the time to read and review this article during the Covid-19 pandemic, and whose insightful comments greatly improved it. Finally, I would like to thank Ben Russell for encouraging me to write the article in the first place.
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