Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T22:31:35.312Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

SMILING, LAUGHING AND JOKING IN PAPAL ROME: THOMAS OF MARLBOROUGH AND GERALD OF WALES AT THE COURT OF INNOCENT III (1198–1216)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2018

Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt  and
William Kynan-Wilson
Get access

Abstract

This article examines textual descriptions of smiling, laughing and joking with the pope in thirteenth-century Rome. It focuses on two Anglo-Norman accounts of conducting litigation at the papal curia: Thomas of Marlborough's (d.1236) Chronicon abbatiae de Evesham and Gerald of Wales's (c. 1146–1220×23) De jure et statu Menevensis ecclesiae. Both authors include several careful and prominent references to smiling, laughing and joking, and specifically in relation to Pope Innocent III. These passages have previously been read as straightforward examples of wit and friendship, but this study shows that the authors use these physiological expressions to convey complex and subtly different pictures of the papal curia. Above all, this article demonstrates how Thomas and Gerald's descriptions of humorous interactions with the pope play crucial narrative and mnemonic roles within their work.

Il presente articolo esamina le descrizioni testuali del sorridere, del ridere e dello scherzare con il Papa nella Roma del XIII secolo. Si focalizza in particolare su due resoconti anglo-normanni di controversie nella curia papale: il Chronicon abbatiae de Evesham di Thomas of Marlborough (data di morte 1236) e il De jure et statu Menevensis ecclesiae di Gerald of Wales (c. 1146–1220×23). In entrambi i testi sono presenti molti riferimenti attenti agli atti di sorridere, di ridere e di scherzare, in particolar modo in relazione a Papa Innocenzo III. Questi passaggi sono stati in precedenza interpretati come inequivocabili esempi di umorismo e amicizia, ma questo studio dimostra come gli autori usino queste ‘espressioni fisiologiche’ per descrivere immagini leggermente differenti della curia papale. Soprattutto questo articolo mostra come le descrizioni di interazione umoristica con il papa di Thomas of Marlborough e di Gerald of Wales giochino ruoli narrativi e mnemonici cruciali all'interno dei loro lavori.

Type
Articles
Information
Papers of the British School at Rome , Volume 86 , October 2018 , pp. 153 - 181
Copyright
Copyright © British School at Rome 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Chronicle

Thomas of Marlborough, Chronicon abbatiae de Evesham: Sayers, J. and Watkiss, L. (2013) (eds and trans.) History of the Abbey of Evesham. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

De jure

Gerald of Wales, De jure et statu Menevensis ecclesiae: Brewer, J.S. (1863) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: De invectionibus, Lib. IV, De Menevensi ecclesia dialogus, Vita S. David. London, Longman.

De rebus

Gerald of Wales, De rebus a se gestis: Brewer, J.S. (1861) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: De rebus a se gestis, libri III. Invectionum libellus. Symbolum electorum. London, Longman.

DMLBS

Dictionary of Medieval Latin in British Sources (1997–2014). 17 fascicules. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

MGH

Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Hanover); SS = Scriptores.

Thomas of Marlborough, Chronicon abbatiae de Evesham: Sayers, J. and Watkiss, L. (2013) (eds and trans.) History of the Abbey of Evesham. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Gerald of Wales, De jure et statu Menevensis ecclesiae: Brewer, J.S. (1863) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: De invectionibus, Lib. IV, De Menevensi ecclesia dialogus, Vita S. David. London, Longman.

Gerald of Wales, De rebus a se gestis: Brewer, J.S. (1861) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: De rebus a se gestis, libri III. Invectionum libellus. Symbolum electorum. London, Longman.

Dictionary of Medieval Latin in British Sources (1997–2014). 17 fascicules. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Hanover); SS = Scriptores.

Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita Sancti Hugonis: Douie, C.L. and Farmer, D.H. (1985) (eds and trans.) The Life of Saint Hugh of Lincoln (second edition). 2 vols. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alexander Neckham, De laudibus divinæ sapientiæ: Wright, T. (1863) (ed.) De naturis rerum libri duo; with the poem of the same author, De laudibus divinæ sapienti. London, Longman Green.Google Scholar
Boso, Life of Alexander III: Ellis, G.M. (1973) (trans.) with introduction by P. Munz, Boso's Life of Alexander III. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Cassius Dio, Roman History: Cary, E. (1914) (trans.) Dio's Roman History. Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, Descriptio Kambriae: Dimock, J.F. (1868) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: Itinerarium Kambriae et Descriptio Kambriae. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, Expugnatio Hibernica: Dimock, J.F. (1867) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: Topographica Hibernica et Expugnatio Hibernica. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, Gemma ecclesiastica: Brewer, J.S. (1862) (ed.) Giraldus Cambrensis opera: Gemma ecclesiastica. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, De invectionibus: Brewer, J.S. (1861) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: De rebus a se gestis, libri III. Invectionum libellus. Symbolum electorum. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, Speculum Duorum: Lefèvre, Y. and Huygens, R.B.C. (1974) (eds), and Dawson, B. (trans.) Speculum Duorum, or A Mirror of Two Men. Cardiff, University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, Speculum ecclesiae: Brewer, J.S. (1873) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: Speculum ecclesiæ: de vita Galfridi, archiepiscopi eboracensis, sive certamina Galfridi eboracensis archiepiscopi. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, Symbolum electorum: Brewer, J.S. (1861) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: De rebus a se gestis, libri III. Invectionum libellus. Symbolum electorum. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Gesta Innocentii: Powell, J.M. (2004) (ed. and trans.) The Deeds of Pope Innocent III by an Anonymous Author. Washington DC, Catholic University of America Press.Google Scholar
John of Salisbury, Historia pontificalis: Chibnall, M. (1986) (ed. and trans.) The Historia pontificalis of John of Salisbury (second edition). Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
John of Salisbury, The Letters: Millor, W.J. and Butler, H.E. (1955) (eds and trans.), and revised by C.N.L. Brooke. The Letters of John of Salisbury: The Early Letters (1153–61). London, Nelson.Google Scholar
John of Salisbury, Policraticus (Webb): Webb, C.C.J. (1909) (ed.) Ioannis Saresberiensis episcopi Carnotensis Policratici sive de nugis curialium et vestigiis philosophorum, 2 vols. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
John of Salisbury, Policraticus (Nederman): Nederman, C.J. (1990) (ed. and trans.) Policraticus. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Liber pontificalis: Duchesne, L. (1886–92) (ed.) Le Liber pontificalis, 2 vols. Paris, E. Thorin.Google Scholar
Peter of Blois, Opera Omnia: Giles, J.A. (1846–57) (ed.) Opera Omnia, 4 vols. Oxford, I.H. Parker.Google Scholar
Roger of Wendover, Flores historiarum: Hewlett, H.G. (1886–9) (ed.) Rogeri de Wendover liber qui dicitur Flores historiarum, 3 vols. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Walter Map, De nugis curialium: James, M.R. (1983) (ed. and trans.) and revised by C.N.L. Brooke and R.A.B. Mynors, De nugis curialium: Courtiers’ Trifles. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Walter of Châtillon, Poems: Traill, D.A. (2013) (ed. and trans.) The Shorter Poems: Christmas Hymns, Love Lyrics, and Moral-Satirical Verse. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
William of Andres, Chronica Andrensis: MGH SS 24: 684–773.Google Scholar
William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum Anglorum: Winterbottom, M. and Thomson, R.M. (1998–9) (eds and trans.) Gesta regum Anglorum: The History of the English Kings. 2 vols. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Adams, J.N. (1982) The Latin Sexual Vocabulary. London, Duckworth.Google Scholar
Bartlett, R. (2006) Gerald of Wales: A Voice of the Middle Ages (second edition). Stroud, Tempus.Google Scholar
Bate, A.K. (1972) Walter Map and Giraldus Cambrensis. Latomus: Revue d’Études Latines 31: 860–75.Google Scholar
Beard, M. (2014) Laughter in Ancient Rome: On Joking, Tickling, and Cracking Up. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Benzinger, J. (1968) Invectiva in Romam: Romkritik im Mittelalter vom 9. bis 12. Jahrhundert. Lübeck, Matthiesen.Google Scholar
Beyer, K. (2014) Wit and irony: rhetorical strategies and their performance in political and learned communities in England (1066–1259). In Steckel, S., Gaul, N. and Grünbart, M. (eds), Networks of Learning: Perspectives on Scholars in Byzantine East and Latin West, c.1000–1200: 147–59. Zürich, LIT Verlag.Google Scholar
Binski, P. (1997) The angel choir at Lincoln and the poetics of the gothic smile. Art History 20: 350–74.Google Scholar
Bolton, B.M. (2011) A new Rome in a small place? Imitation and re-creation in the Patrimony of St Peter. In Bolgia, C., McKitterick, R. and Osborne, J. (eds), Rome across Time and Space, c.500–1400: Cultural Transmission and the Exchange of Ideas: 305–22. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Borenius, T. (1937) [Review of Butler 2005.] The Tablet. 28 August 1937: 16.Google Scholar
Bremmer, J. and Roodenburg, H. (1997) Introduction: Humour and history. In Bremmer, J. and Roodenburg, H. (eds), A Cultural History of Humour: From Antiquity to the Present Day: 1–10. Cambridge, Polity Press.Google Scholar
Brewer, J.S. (1861) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: De rebus a se gestis, libri III. Invectionum libellus. Symbolum electorum. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Buc, P. (2002) The Dangers of Ritual: Between Early Medieval Texts and Social Scientific Theory. Princeton, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Burrow, J.A. (2002) Gestures and Looks in Medieval Narrative. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Butler, H.E. (2005) The Autobiography of Gerald of Wales (second edition). Woodbridge, Boydell and Brewer.Google Scholar
Carruthers, M. (2008) The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (second edition). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cheney, C.R. (1976) Pope Innocent III and England. Stuttgart, Anton Hiersemann.Google Scholar
Crouzet-Pavan, É. and Verger, J. (2007) Introduction. In Crouzet-Pavan, É. and Verger, J. (eds), La dérision au Moyen Âge: De la pratique sociale au ritual politique. Paris, Presses de l'université Paris-Sorbonne.Google Scholar
Curtius, E.R. (2013) European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages (third edition). Princeton, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dicke, G. (2008) Homo facetus. In McLelland, N., Schiewer, H.-J. and Schmitt, S. (eds), Humanismus in der deutschen Literatur des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit: 299–332. Tübingen, Max Niemeyer Verlag.Google Scholar
Evans, M. (1998) An emended joke in Gerald of Wales. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 61: 253–4.Google Scholar
Gillingham, J. (2006) The cultivation of history, legend, and courtesy at the court of Henry II. In Kennedy, R. and Meecham-Jones, S. (eds), Writers of the Reign of Henry II: Twelve Essays: 25–52. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gress-Wright, D. (1981) The Gesta Innocentii: Text, Introduction and Commentary. Bryn Mawr College, Ph.D thesis.Google Scholar
Halliwell, S. (2008) Greek Laughter: A Study of Cultural Psychology from Homer to Early Christianity. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Halsall, G. (2002) Introduction: ‘Don't worry, I've got the key’. In Halsall, G. (ed.) Humour, History and Politics in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: 1–21. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hawkins, P.S. (2006) All smiles: poetry and theology in Dante. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 121: 371–87.Google Scholar
Haye, T. (2009) Päpste und Poeten: die mittelalterliche Kurie als Objekt und Förderer panegyrischer Dichtung. Berlin, De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Jaeger, C.S. (1985) The Origins of Courtliness: Civilizing Trends and the Formation of Courtly Ideals, 939–1210. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Jones, P.J.A. (2014) The Sublime and the Ridiculous: Laughter, Sovereignty, and Sanctity at the Court of Henry II (d.1189). New York University, Ph.D thesis.Google Scholar
Jones, P.J.A. (forthcoming a) Gerald of Wales's Sense of Humour. In Henley, G. and McMullen, J. (eds), Gerald of Wales: New Perspectives on a Medieval Writer and Critic: 147–63. Cardiff, University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
Jones, P.J.A. (forthcoming b) Humour at the Fourth Lateran Council. In Boulton, M. (ed.), Literary Responses to the Fourth Lateran Council. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Knowles, D. (1963) The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216 (second edition). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koziol, G. (1992) Begging Pardon and Favor: Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France. Ithaca (NY), Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Koziol, G. (2002) Review article: The dangers of polemic: is ritual still an interesting topic of historical study? Early Medieval Europe 11: 367–88.Google Scholar
Kuttner, S. (1981) Universal pope or servant of God's servants: the canonists, papal titles and Innocent III. Revue de droit canonique 32: 109–35.Google Scholar
Laurence, R. and Paterson, J. (1999) Power and laughter: imperial dicta. Papers of the British School at Rome 67: 183–97.Google Scholar
Le Goff, J. (1989) Rire au Moyen Âge. Les cahiers du centre de recherches historiques 3: 2–9.Google Scholar
Le Goff, J. (1997) Laughter in the Middle Ages. In Bremmer, J. and Roodenburg, H. (eds), A Cultural History of Humour: From Antiquity to the Present Day: 40–53. Cambridge, Polity Press.Google Scholar
Maleczek, W. (1984) Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216: die Kardinäle unter Coelestin III und Innocenz III. Vienna, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Mann, J. (1981) Giraldus Cambrensis and the Goliards. The Journal of Celtic Studies 3: 31–9.Google Scholar
Martin, J. (1990) Cicero's jokes at the court of Henry II: Roman humor and the princely ideal. Modern Language Quarterly 51: 144–66.Google Scholar
Moore, J.C. (2003) Pope Innocent III (1160/61–1216): To Root Up and to Plant. Leiden, Brill.Google Scholar
Mostert, M. and Barnwell, P.S. (2011) (eds) Medieval Legal Process. Physical, Spoken and Written Performance in the Middle Ages. Turnhout, Brepols.Google Scholar
Paravicini Bagliani, A. (1976) La storiografia pontificia del secolo XIII: prospettive di ricerca. Römische Historische Mitteilungen 18: 45–54.Google Scholar
Paravicini Bagliani, A. (1995) Le biografie papali duecentesche e il senso della storia. In Il senso della storia nella cultura medievale italiana (1100–1350): 155–73. Pistoia, Centro Italiano di Studi di Storia e d'Arte.Google Scholar
Parks, G.B. (1954) The English Traveler to Italy: The Middle Ages (to 1525). Rome, Storia e Letteratura Raccolta di Studi e Testi 46.Google Scholar
Partner, N.F. (1977) Serious Entertainments: The Writing of History in Twelfth-Century England. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pössel, C. (2009) The magic of early medieval ritual. Early Medieval Europe 17: 111–25.Google Scholar
Radke, G.M. (1996) Viterbo: Profile of a Thirteenth-Century Papal Palace. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, L.D. and Wilson, N.G. (1983) (eds) Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Rigg, A.G. (1992) A History of Anglo-Latin Literature, 1066–1422. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenwein, B.H. (1998) (ed.) Anger's Past: The Social Uses of an Emotion in the Middle Ages. Ithaca (NY), Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenwein, B.H. (2006) Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages. Ithaca (NY), Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Sargent, A. (2011) Visions and Revisions: Gerald of Wales, Authorship, and the Construction of Political, Religious, and Legal Geographies in Twelfth and Thirteenth Century Britain. University of California, Berkeley, Ph.D thesis.Google Scholar
Sayers, J. (1994) Innocent III: Leader of Europe, 1198–1216. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Sayers, J. (2013) English Benedictine monks at the papal court in the thirteenth century: the experience of Thomas of Marlborough in a wider context. The Journal of Medieval Monastic Studies 2: 109–29.Google Scholar
Sayers, J. and Watkiss, L. (2013) (eds and trans.) History of the Abbey of Evesham. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Seeber, S. (2010) Poetik des Lachens: Untersuchungen zum mittelhochdeutschen Roman um 1200. Berlin, De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Shanzer, D. (2006) Latin literature, Christianity and obscenity in the Later Roman West. In McDonald, N. (ed.) Medieval Obscenities: 179–202. Woodbridge, Boydell and Brewer.Google Scholar
Spaethen, M. (1906) Giraldus Cambrensis und Thomas von Evesham über die von ihnen an der Kurie geführten Prozesse. Neues Archiv 21: 595–649.Google Scholar
Stubbs, W. (1900) Learning and literature at the court of Henry II. In Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Medieval and Modern History (third edition): 132–78. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Thomson, R.M. (1978) The origins of Latin satire in twelfth-century Europe. Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 13: 73–83.Google Scholar
Tillmann, H. (1980) Pope Innocent III, trans. W. Sax. Amsterdam, North-Holland.Google Scholar
Vincent, N. (2007) The court of Henry II. In Harper-Bill, C. and Vincent, N. (eds), Henry II: New Interpretations: 278–334. Woodbridge, Boydell and Brewer.Google Scholar
Walter, C. (1970) Papal political imagery in the medieval Lateran palace: Part 1. Cahiers archéologiques 20: 155–76.Google Scholar
Yunck, J.A. (1963) The Lineage of Lady Meed: The Development of Mediaeval Venality Satire. Notre Dame (IN), University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Yunck, J.A. (1964) Economic conservatism, papal finance, and the medieval satires on Rome. In Thrupp, S.L. (ed.), Change in Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps 1050–1500: 72–85. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Zutshi, P. (2007) Petitioners, popes, proctors: the development of curial institutions, c.1150–1250. In Andenna, G. (ed.), Pensiero e sperimentazioni istituzionali nella ‘Societas Christiana’ (1046–1250): 265–93. Milan, V&P.Google Scholar
Zutshi, P. (2013) The Roman curia and papal jurisdiction in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In Andenna, C., Herbers, K. and Melville, G. (eds), Die Ordnung der Kommunikation und die Kommunikation der Ordnungen: 2. Zentralität: Papstum und Orden im Europa des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts: 213–27. Stuttgart, Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita Sancti Hugonis: Douie, C.L. and Farmer, D.H. (1985) (eds and trans.) The Life of Saint Hugh of Lincoln (second edition). 2 vols. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alexander Neckham, De laudibus divinæ sapientiæ: Wright, T. (1863) (ed.) De naturis rerum libri duo; with the poem of the same author, De laudibus divinæ sapienti. London, Longman Green.Google Scholar
Boso, Life of Alexander III: Ellis, G.M. (1973) (trans.) with introduction by P. Munz, Boso's Life of Alexander III. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Cassius Dio, Roman History: Cary, E. (1914) (trans.) Dio's Roman History. Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, Descriptio Kambriae: Dimock, J.F. (1868) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: Itinerarium Kambriae et Descriptio Kambriae. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, Expugnatio Hibernica: Dimock, J.F. (1867) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: Topographica Hibernica et Expugnatio Hibernica. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, Gemma ecclesiastica: Brewer, J.S. (1862) (ed.) Giraldus Cambrensis opera: Gemma ecclesiastica. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, De invectionibus: Brewer, J.S. (1861) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: De rebus a se gestis, libri III. Invectionum libellus. Symbolum electorum. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, Speculum Duorum: Lefèvre, Y. and Huygens, R.B.C. (1974) (eds), and Dawson, B. (trans.) Speculum Duorum, or A Mirror of Two Men. Cardiff, University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, Speculum ecclesiae: Brewer, J.S. (1873) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: Speculum ecclesiæ: de vita Galfridi, archiepiscopi eboracensis, sive certamina Galfridi eboracensis archiepiscopi. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Gerald of Wales, Symbolum electorum: Brewer, J.S. (1861) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: De rebus a se gestis, libri III. Invectionum libellus. Symbolum electorum. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Gesta Innocentii: Powell, J.M. (2004) (ed. and trans.) The Deeds of Pope Innocent III by an Anonymous Author. Washington DC, Catholic University of America Press.Google Scholar
John of Salisbury, Historia pontificalis: Chibnall, M. (1986) (ed. and trans.) The Historia pontificalis of John of Salisbury (second edition). Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
John of Salisbury, The Letters: Millor, W.J. and Butler, H.E. (1955) (eds and trans.), and revised by C.N.L. Brooke. The Letters of John of Salisbury: The Early Letters (1153–61). London, Nelson.Google Scholar
John of Salisbury, Policraticus (Webb): Webb, C.C.J. (1909) (ed.) Ioannis Saresberiensis episcopi Carnotensis Policratici sive de nugis curialium et vestigiis philosophorum, 2 vols. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
John of Salisbury, Policraticus (Nederman): Nederman, C.J. (1990) (ed. and trans.) Policraticus. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Liber pontificalis: Duchesne, L. (1886–92) (ed.) Le Liber pontificalis, 2 vols. Paris, E. Thorin.Google Scholar
Peter of Blois, Opera Omnia: Giles, J.A. (1846–57) (ed.) Opera Omnia, 4 vols. Oxford, I.H. Parker.Google Scholar
Roger of Wendover, Flores historiarum: Hewlett, H.G. (1886–9) (ed.) Rogeri de Wendover liber qui dicitur Flores historiarum, 3 vols. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Walter Map, De nugis curialium: James, M.R. (1983) (ed. and trans.) and revised by C.N.L. Brooke and R.A.B. Mynors, De nugis curialium: Courtiers’ Trifles. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Walter of Châtillon, Poems: Traill, D.A. (2013) (ed. and trans.) The Shorter Poems: Christmas Hymns, Love Lyrics, and Moral-Satirical Verse. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
William of Andres, Chronica Andrensis: MGH SS 24: 684–773.Google Scholar
William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum Anglorum: Winterbottom, M. and Thomson, R.M. (1998–9) (eds and trans.) Gesta regum Anglorum: The History of the English Kings. 2 vols. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Adams, J.N. (1982) The Latin Sexual Vocabulary. London, Duckworth.Google Scholar
Bartlett, R. (2006) Gerald of Wales: A Voice of the Middle Ages (second edition). Stroud, Tempus.Google Scholar
Bate, A.K. (1972) Walter Map and Giraldus Cambrensis. Latomus: Revue d’Études Latines 31: 860–75.Google Scholar
Beard, M. (2014) Laughter in Ancient Rome: On Joking, Tickling, and Cracking Up. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Benzinger, J. (1968) Invectiva in Romam: Romkritik im Mittelalter vom 9. bis 12. Jahrhundert. Lübeck, Matthiesen.Google Scholar
Beyer, K. (2014) Wit and irony: rhetorical strategies and their performance in political and learned communities in England (1066–1259). In Steckel, S., Gaul, N. and Grünbart, M. (eds), Networks of Learning: Perspectives on Scholars in Byzantine East and Latin West, c.1000–1200: 147–59. Zürich, LIT Verlag.Google Scholar
Binski, P. (1997) The angel choir at Lincoln and the poetics of the gothic smile. Art History 20: 350–74.Google Scholar
Bolton, B.M. (2011) A new Rome in a small place? Imitation and re-creation in the Patrimony of St Peter. In Bolgia, C., McKitterick, R. and Osborne, J. (eds), Rome across Time and Space, c.500–1400: Cultural Transmission and the Exchange of Ideas: 305–22. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Borenius, T. (1937) [Review of Butler 2005.] The Tablet. 28 August 1937: 16.Google Scholar
Bremmer, J. and Roodenburg, H. (1997) Introduction: Humour and history. In Bremmer, J. and Roodenburg, H. (eds), A Cultural History of Humour: From Antiquity to the Present Day: 1–10. Cambridge, Polity Press.Google Scholar
Brewer, J.S. (1861) (ed.) Giraldi Cambrensis opera: De rebus a se gestis, libri III. Invectionum libellus. Symbolum electorum. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Buc, P. (2002) The Dangers of Ritual: Between Early Medieval Texts and Social Scientific Theory. Princeton, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Burrow, J.A. (2002) Gestures and Looks in Medieval Narrative. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Butler, H.E. (2005) The Autobiography of Gerald of Wales (second edition). Woodbridge, Boydell and Brewer.Google Scholar
Carruthers, M. (2008) The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (second edition). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cheney, C.R. (1976) Pope Innocent III and England. Stuttgart, Anton Hiersemann.Google Scholar
Crouzet-Pavan, É. and Verger, J. (2007) Introduction. In Crouzet-Pavan, É. and Verger, J. (eds), La dérision au Moyen Âge: De la pratique sociale au ritual politique. Paris, Presses de l'université Paris-Sorbonne.Google Scholar
Curtius, E.R. (2013) European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages (third edition). Princeton, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dicke, G. (2008) Homo facetus. In McLelland, N., Schiewer, H.-J. and Schmitt, S. (eds), Humanismus in der deutschen Literatur des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit: 299–332. Tübingen, Max Niemeyer Verlag.Google Scholar
Evans, M. (1998) An emended joke in Gerald of Wales. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 61: 253–4.Google Scholar
Gillingham, J. (2006) The cultivation of history, legend, and courtesy at the court of Henry II. In Kennedy, R. and Meecham-Jones, S. (eds), Writers of the Reign of Henry II: Twelve Essays: 25–52. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gress-Wright, D. (1981) The Gesta Innocentii: Text, Introduction and Commentary. Bryn Mawr College, Ph.D thesis.Google Scholar
Halliwell, S. (2008) Greek Laughter: A Study of Cultural Psychology from Homer to Early Christianity. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Halsall, G. (2002) Introduction: ‘Don't worry, I've got the key’. In Halsall, G. (ed.) Humour, History and Politics in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: 1–21. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hawkins, P.S. (2006) All smiles: poetry and theology in Dante. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 121: 371–87.Google Scholar
Haye, T. (2009) Päpste und Poeten: die mittelalterliche Kurie als Objekt und Förderer panegyrischer Dichtung. Berlin, De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Jaeger, C.S. (1985) The Origins of Courtliness: Civilizing Trends and the Formation of Courtly Ideals, 939–1210. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Jones, P.J.A. (2014) The Sublime and the Ridiculous: Laughter, Sovereignty, and Sanctity at the Court of Henry II (d.1189). New York University, Ph.D thesis.Google Scholar
Jones, P.J.A. (forthcoming a) Gerald of Wales's Sense of Humour. In Henley, G. and McMullen, J. (eds), Gerald of Wales: New Perspectives on a Medieval Writer and Critic: 147–63. Cardiff, University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
Jones, P.J.A. (forthcoming b) Humour at the Fourth Lateran Council. In Boulton, M. (ed.), Literary Responses to the Fourth Lateran Council. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Knowles, D. (1963) The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216 (second edition). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koziol, G. (1992) Begging Pardon and Favor: Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France. Ithaca (NY), Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Koziol, G. (2002) Review article: The dangers of polemic: is ritual still an interesting topic of historical study? Early Medieval Europe 11: 367–88.Google Scholar
Kuttner, S. (1981) Universal pope or servant of God's servants: the canonists, papal titles and Innocent III. Revue de droit canonique 32: 109–35.Google Scholar
Laurence, R. and Paterson, J. (1999) Power and laughter: imperial dicta. Papers of the British School at Rome 67: 183–97.Google Scholar
Le Goff, J. (1989) Rire au Moyen Âge. Les cahiers du centre de recherches historiques 3: 2–9.Google Scholar
Le Goff, J. (1997) Laughter in the Middle Ages. In Bremmer, J. and Roodenburg, H. (eds), A Cultural History of Humour: From Antiquity to the Present Day: 40–53. Cambridge, Polity Press.Google Scholar
Maleczek, W. (1984) Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216: die Kardinäle unter Coelestin III und Innocenz III. Vienna, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Mann, J. (1981) Giraldus Cambrensis and the Goliards. The Journal of Celtic Studies 3: 31–9.Google Scholar
Martin, J. (1990) Cicero's jokes at the court of Henry II: Roman humor and the princely ideal. Modern Language Quarterly 51: 144–66.Google Scholar
Moore, J.C. (2003) Pope Innocent III (1160/61–1216): To Root Up and to Plant. Leiden, Brill.Google Scholar
Mostert, M. and Barnwell, P.S. (2011) (eds) Medieval Legal Process. Physical, Spoken and Written Performance in the Middle Ages. Turnhout, Brepols.Google Scholar
Paravicini Bagliani, A. (1976) La storiografia pontificia del secolo XIII: prospettive di ricerca. Römische Historische Mitteilungen 18: 45–54.Google Scholar
Paravicini Bagliani, A. (1995) Le biografie papali duecentesche e il senso della storia. In Il senso della storia nella cultura medievale italiana (1100–1350): 155–73. Pistoia, Centro Italiano di Studi di Storia e d'Arte.Google Scholar
Parks, G.B. (1954) The English Traveler to Italy: The Middle Ages (to 1525). Rome, Storia e Letteratura Raccolta di Studi e Testi 46.Google Scholar
Partner, N.F. (1977) Serious Entertainments: The Writing of History in Twelfth-Century England. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pössel, C. (2009) The magic of early medieval ritual. Early Medieval Europe 17: 111–25.Google Scholar
Radke, G.M. (1996) Viterbo: Profile of a Thirteenth-Century Papal Palace. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, L.D. and Wilson, N.G. (1983) (eds) Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Rigg, A.G. (1992) A History of Anglo-Latin Literature, 1066–1422. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenwein, B.H. (1998) (ed.) Anger's Past: The Social Uses of an Emotion in the Middle Ages. Ithaca (NY), Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenwein, B.H. (2006) Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages. Ithaca (NY), Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Sargent, A. (2011) Visions and Revisions: Gerald of Wales, Authorship, and the Construction of Political, Religious, and Legal Geographies in Twelfth and Thirteenth Century Britain. University of California, Berkeley, Ph.D thesis.Google Scholar
Sayers, J. (1994) Innocent III: Leader of Europe, 1198–1216. London, Longman.Google Scholar
Sayers, J. (2013) English Benedictine monks at the papal court in the thirteenth century: the experience of Thomas of Marlborough in a wider context. The Journal of Medieval Monastic Studies 2: 109–29.Google Scholar
Sayers, J. and Watkiss, L. (2013) (eds and trans.) History of the Abbey of Evesham. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Seeber, S. (2010) Poetik des Lachens: Untersuchungen zum mittelhochdeutschen Roman um 1200. Berlin, De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Shanzer, D. (2006) Latin literature, Christianity and obscenity in the Later Roman West. In McDonald, N. (ed.) Medieval Obscenities: 179–202. Woodbridge, Boydell and Brewer.Google Scholar
Spaethen, M. (1906) Giraldus Cambrensis und Thomas von Evesham über die von ihnen an der Kurie geführten Prozesse. Neues Archiv 21: 595–649.Google Scholar
Stubbs, W. (1900) Learning and literature at the court of Henry II. In Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Medieval and Modern History (third edition): 132–78. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Thomson, R.M. (1978) The origins of Latin satire in twelfth-century Europe. Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 13: 73–83.Google Scholar
Tillmann, H. (1980) Pope Innocent III, trans. W. Sax. Amsterdam, North-Holland.Google Scholar
Vincent, N. (2007) The court of Henry II. In Harper-Bill, C. and Vincent, N. (eds), Henry II: New Interpretations: 278–334. Woodbridge, Boydell and Brewer.Google Scholar
Walter, C. (1970) Papal political imagery in the medieval Lateran palace: Part 1. Cahiers archéologiques 20: 155–76.Google Scholar
Yunck, J.A. (1963) The Lineage of Lady Meed: The Development of Mediaeval Venality Satire. Notre Dame (IN), University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Yunck, J.A. (1964) Economic conservatism, papal finance, and the medieval satires on Rome. In Thrupp, S.L. (ed.), Change in Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps 1050–1500: 72–85. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Zutshi, P. (2007) Petitioners, popes, proctors: the development of curial institutions, c.1150–1250. In Andenna, G. (ed.), Pensiero e sperimentazioni istituzionali nella ‘Societas Christiana’ (1046–1250): 265–93. Milan, V&P.Google Scholar
Zutshi, P. (2013) The Roman curia and papal jurisdiction in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In Andenna, C., Herbers, K. and Melville, G. (eds), Die Ordnung der Kommunikation und die Kommunikation der Ordnungen: 2. Zentralität: Papstum und Orden im Europa des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts: 213–27. Stuttgart, Franz Steiner.Google Scholar