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Vitruvian Paradigms1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2013

Georgia Clarke
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Papers of the British School at Rome , Volume 70 , November 2002 , pp. 319 - 346
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Copyright © British School at Rome 2002

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Footnotes

1

A version of the first pan of this article was originally given as a paper in June 1999 at the British School at Rome, in the series Responding to the Antique. My thanks to Andrew Hopkins for his comments and suggestions and to Ann Huppert.

References

2 Plommer, H., Vitruvius and Later Roman Building Manuals (Cambridge, 1973Google Scholar); Ciapponi, L.A., ‘Vitruvius’, in Cranz, F.E. and Kristeller, P.O. (eds), Catalogus translationum et commentariorum: Mediaeval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries III (Washington (DC), 1976), 400Google Scholar. For various views on the nature of the treatise, Boëthius, A., ‘Vitruvius and the Roman architecture of his age’, in Dragma. Martino P. Nilsson A.D. ID JUL ANNO MCMXXX1X DEDICATUM (Lund, 1939), 114–43Google Scholar; Pellati, F., ‘Vitruvio nel medio evo e nel rinascimento’, Bollettino del Real Istituto d'Archeologia 5 (4–6) (1932), 15–36Google Scholar; Brown, F.E., ‘Vitruvius and the liberal art of architecture’, Bucknell Review 11 (4) (1963), 99–107Google Scholar; Gros, P. et al. , Le Project de Vitruve. Objet, destinaires et réception du De architectura (Collection de l'École française de Rome 192) (Rome. 1994Google Scholar).

3 Fundamental works on De architectura in the fifteenth and early sixteenth century include Ciapponi, L.A., ‘Il De architectura di Vitruvio nel primo umanesimo’, talia Medievale e Umanistica 3 (1960), 59–99Google Scholar; Krinsky, C.H., ‘Seventy eight Vitruvius manuscripts’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 30 (1967), 36–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ciapponi, ‘Vitruvius’ (above, n. 2), 399–409; Tafuri, M., ‘Cesare Cesariano e gli studi vitruviani nel Quattrocento’, in Bruschi, A., Maltese, C., Tafuri, M. and Bonelli, R. (eds), Scritti rinascimentali di architettura (Milan, 1978), 387–458Google Scholar; Vagnetti, L. and Marcucci, L., ‘2000 anni di Vitruvio’, Studi e Documenti di Architettura 8 (1978), 11–184Google Scholar; P.N. Pagliara, ‘Vitruvio da testo a canone’, in S. Settis (ed.), Memoria dell'antico nell'arte italiana. III. Dalla tradizione all'archeologia (Turin, 1986), 5–85Google Scholar. See also Clarke, G., Roman House — Renaissance Palaces: Inventing Antiquity in Fifteenth-Century Italy (Cambridge, forthcoming), chapter 3Google Scholar.

4 For example, Niccolò Perotti in his commentary on Martial of the 1470s used De architectura in a limited way and not as his primary or sole source for architectural information: Furno, M., ‘Utilisation du De architectura de Vitruve dans le Cornu Copiae de Niccolò Perotti’, Studi Umanisti Piceni 13 (1993), 83Google Scholar. Ermolao Barbara and Giorgio Valla used it primarily for scientific and technical information: Gardenal, G., ‘Giorgio Valla e le scienze esatte’, in Branca, V. (ed.), Giorgio Valla tra scienza e sapienza (Florence, 1981), 51Google Scholar. Pagliara, ‘Vitruvio’ (above, n. 3), 28–9, on Francesco Patrizi's use of Vitruvius as neither ‘una fonte esclusiva né privilegiata’ for his De institutione reipublicae — dedicated to Pope Sixtus IV (1471–84).

5 Clarke, Roman House — Renaissance Palaces (above, n. 3), chapter 3 and table.

6 For example, Pagliara, P.N., ‘La attività edilizia di Antonio da Sangallo il Giovane. Il confronto tra gli studi sull'antico e la letteratura vitruviana’, Controspazio 4 (1972), 23–47Google Scholar; Fiore, F.P., ‘La traduzione da Vitruvio di Francesco di Giorgio’, Architettura. Storia e Documenti 1 (1985), 7–30Google Scholar; Clarke, G., Italian Renaissance Urban Domestic Architecture: the Influence of Antiquity (Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London, Ph.D. thesis, 1992)Google Scholar; Pellechia, L., ‘Architects read Vitruvius: Renaissance interpretations of the atrium of the ancient house’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 51 (1992), 377–416CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Clarke, Roman House — Renaissance Palaces (above, n. 3).

7 Goodhart, P.W., Two Renaissance Book Hunters. The Letters of Poggio Bracciolini to Nicolaus de Niccolis (Gordon (NY)/London, 1974), 188Google Scholar. This letter has been dated summer 1416; but Bracciolini's letter to Guarino Veronese describing this visit to the Saint Gall library was dated 16 December 1416: Bracciolini, P., Lettere (ed. Harth, H.) (Florence, 1984), II, 153–6 (4.5)Google Scholar.

8 Bracciolini, Lettere (above, n. 7), II, 153–6 (4.5), 444–7; Tafuri, ‘Cesare Cesariano’ (above, n. 3), 392.

9 Koch, H., Vom Nachleben des Vitruv (Baden-Baden, 1951), 13–14Google Scholar; Ciapponi, ‘Il De architectura’ (above, n. 3), 99; Krinsky, ‘Seventy eight’ (above, n. 3), 36; Ciapponi, ‘Vitruvius’ (above, n. 2), 400; Rovetta, A., ‘Cultura e codici vitruviani nel primo umanesimo milanese’, Arte Lombarda 60 (1981), 99Google Scholar; Weiskittel, S.F. and Reynolds, L.D., ‘Vitruvius’, in Reynolds, L.D. (ed.), Texts and Transmission. A Study of the Latin Classics (Oxford, 1983), 440–5Google Scholar. Montecassino copy, Ciapponi, ‘Il De architectura’ (above, n. 3), 59, 96, 98. On possible use at Castel del Monte in Apulia in the thirteenth century, Ledoux, T., ‘Castel del Monte (1240–1246) e il de architectura di Vitruvio’, Antichità Viva 23 (1) (1984), 19–25Google Scholar, although this is based on speculation.

10 Letters of Poggio to Niccolò Niccoli in 1425–30 about the Frontinus manuscript, Bracciolini, Lettere (above, n. 7), I, 89–90 (4.2), 103 (4.4), 149 (2.26), 155 (2.29), 161 (2.32), 165 (2.34), 210 (3.37). Poggio was seeking the Frontinus manuscript from the abbey from 1425 on, and went there himself in 1429: R, Sabbadini, Le scoperte degli codici latini e greci nei secoli XIV e XV (revised by E. Garin) (Florence, 1967), I, 85, 88; Reeve, M.D., ‘Frontinus, De aquis, Strategemata’, in Reynolds, L.D. (ed.), Texts and Transmission. A Study of the Latin Classics (Oxford, 1983), 166Google Scholar.

11 Ciapponi, ‘Il De architectura’ (above, n. 3). Petrarch obtained a copy c. 1350 and Boccaccio made extensive use of his own copy from 1350–60, Ciapponi, ‘Vitruvius’ (above, n. 2), 401; Tafuri, ‘Cesare Cesariano’ (above, n. 3), 391–2; Feuer-Tóth, R., Art and Humanism in Hungary in the Age of Matthias Corvinus (Budapest, 1990), 38Google Scholar.

12 Clarke, Roman House — Renaissance Palaces (above, n. 3), table. It is not clear if the Acciaiuoli copy did end up in Florence.

13 Domenico Bandini of Axezzo, who taught in Florence c. 1381–99, may have used one of these to quote from De architectura: Hankey, A.T., ‘The library of Domenico di Bandino’, Rinascimento 8 (1958), 192Google Scholar.

14 Krinsky, ‘Seventy eight’ (above, n. 3) identified 32 Vitruvius manuscripts transcribed in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, eighteen of them certainly or probably Italian; see also Clarke, Roman House — Renaissance Palaces (above, n. 3), table.

15 Pellegrin, E., La bibliothèque des Visconti et des Sforza, dues de Milan, au XVe siècle (Paris, 1955), 130Google Scholar no. 254.

16 Ciapponi, ‘Il De archiiectura’ (above, n. 3), 91, 98.

17 Text in Foffano, T., ‘La costruzione di Castiglione Olona in un opuscolo inedito di Francesco Pizolpasso’, Italia Medievale e Umanistica 3 (1960), 173–87Google Scholar; Morresi, M., ‘Pier Candido Decembrio, Francesco Pizolpasso e Vitruvio’, Ricerche di Storia dell'Arte 28–9 (1986), 219Google Scholar.

18 Rovetta, ‘Cultura e codici vitruviani’ (above, n. 9), 10–11; Ferrari, M., ‘Fra i ‘latini scriptores’ di Pier Candido Decembrio e bibliotheche umanistiche milanesi: codici di Vitruvio e Quintiliano’, in Avesani, R., Ferrari, M., Foffano, T., Frasso, G. and Sottili, A. (eds), Vestigia. Studi in onore di Giuseppe Billanovich (Rome, 1984), I, 262Google Scholar.

19 On Decembrio, Borsa, M., ‘P.C. Decembrio e l'umanesimo in Lombardia’, Archivio Storico Lombardo 20 (1893), 5–75, 358–441Google Scholar. On his friendship with Pizolpasso, Ditt, E., ‘Pier Candido Decembrio. Contributo alla storia dell'umanesimo italiano’, Memorie del Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. Classe di Lettere, Scienze Morali e Storiche 24 (2) (s. 3, 15) (1931), 77–8Google Scholar. On his knowledge of Pizolpasso's account, Foffano, ‘La costruzione’ (above, n. 17), 170–1.

20 Pellegrin, La bibliothèque (above, n. 15); Pellegrin, E., ‘Bibliothèques d'humanistes lombards de la cour des Visconti Sforza’, Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 17 (1955), 218–45Google Scholar; Piccalugga, G. Ferri, ‘Gli affreschi di Casa Panigarola e la cultura milanese’, Arte Lombarda 87 (1988), 14–25Google Scholar; Agosti, G., ‘Sul gusto per l'antico a Milano, tra regime sforzesco e dominazione francese’, Prospettiva 49 (1987), 33–46Google Scholar; Rovetta, A., ‘Cultura architettonica e cultura umanistica a Milano durante il soggiorno di Bramante: note sullo studio dell'antico’, Arte Lombarda 78 (1987), 81–93Google Scholar.

21 For manuscripts in Milan, Ferrari, ‘Fra i ‘latini scriptores’’ (above n. 18), 254–63; Rovetta, ‘Cultura architettonica’ (above, n. 20), 82; Clarke, Roman House — Renaissance Palaces (above, n. 3), table.

22 ‘ex Latinis scriptoribus magis necessaria’ — the list is in one of Pier Candido's own manuscripts — Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, R 88 sup., Ditt, ‘Pier Candido Decembrio’ (above, n. 19), 82, 90. Pier Candido's letter to Duke Humphrey, Sammut, A., Unfredo Duca di Gloucester e gli umanisti italiani (Medioevo e umanista 41) (Padua, 1980), 37Google Scholar; Rovetta, ‘Cultura e codici vitruviani’ (above, n. 9), 10–11; Ferrari, ‘Fra i ‘latini scriptores’’ (above, n. 18), 247–62. Duke Humphrey's books (later lost/destroyed), including a copy of Vitruvius, came to form part of the university library in Oxford: Sammut, Unfredo Duca di Gloucester, 57–84, 82 no. 248.

23 For the date of 1436–7, although without explanation, Coluccia, G.L., Niccolò V umanista: papa e riformatore (Venice, 1998), 147 n. 257Google Scholar.

24 Decembrio, A., De politia litteraria (Augsburg, 1540), ll r (1. pars 7Google Scholar): ‘minusque bibliotheca nostra necessarii, ex quibus tamen Vitruvius de architectura, rei novitate, stilique sonoritate desinentius, non omittendus’. On Angelo and the dialogue, parts of which, including book 1, were written by 1447 and the whole dedicated to Pius II in 1462, Borsa, ‘P.C. Decembrio’ (above, n. 19), 31–3; Baxandall, M., ‘A dialogue on art from the court of Leonello d'Este. Angelo Decembrio's De poiitia literaria pars LXVIII, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 26 (1963), 304–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Perry, J. Pearson, ‘A fifteenth-century dialogue on literary taste: Angelo Decembrio's account of playwright Ugolino Pisani at the court of Leonello d'Este’, Renaissance Quarterly 39 (1986), 614–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

25 Decembrio at Ferrara, Borsa, ‘P.C. Decembrio’ (above, n. 19), 411–16.

26 Borsa, ‘P.C. Decembrio’ (above, n. 19), 411–19; Ditt, ‘Pier Candido Decembrio’(above, n. 19), 22–3; Pyle, CM., ‘Pier Candido Decembrio and Rome’, in Brezzi, P. and de Panizza Lorch, M. (eds), Umanesimo a Roma neí Quattrocento (Atti del convegno su ‘Umanesimo a Roma nel Quattrocento’ New York … 1981) (Rome, 1984), 295–7Google Scholar.

27 Borsa, ‘P.C. Decembrio’ (above, n. 19); Ditt, ‘Pier Candido Decembrio’ (above, n. 19), 23, 97–8.

28 Borsa, ‘P.C. Decembrio’ (above, n. 19), 359ff.; Ditt, ‘Pier Candido Decembrio’ (above, n. 19), 24–5, 34. In Naples, Soria, A., Los humanistas de la corte de Alfonso el Magnanimo (Granada, 1956), 68–70Google Scholar.

29 Westfall, C.W., In This Most Perfect Paradise. Alberti, Nicholas V, and the Invention of Conscious Urban Planning in Rome, 1447–55 (University Park/London, 1974)Google Scholar; Burroughs, C., From Signs to Design. Environmental Process and Reform in Early Renaissance Rome (Cambridge (Mass.), 1990Google Scholar); Tafuri, M., Ricerca del Rinascimento. Principi, città, architetti (Turin, 1992), 33–84Google Scholar; Burroughs, C., ‘Alberti e Roma’, in Rykwert, J. and Engel, A. (eds), Leon Battista Alberti (Milan, 1994), 134–57Google Scholar; Burns, H., ‘Alberti’, in Fiore, F.P. (ed.), Storia dell'architettura italiana. Il Quattrocento (Milan, 1998), 116–20Google Scholar.

30 Dedicatory preface to Nicholas V of Decembrio's translation from Greek to Latin of Appian's Roman histories, Giorgi, D., Vita Nicolai Quinti pont. max. ad fidem veterum monumentum (Rome, 1742), 208Google Scholar: ‘qui no n minorem in recuperandi s libris, quam in restituendis moenibus huic Urbis adhibueris curam’ Burroughs, From Signs to Design (above, n. 29), 286 n. 50.

31 Panormita, A., De dictis et factis Alphonsi Regis Aragonum libri quattuor (Basle, 1538)Google Scholar. On Pizolpasso and Panormita, Pellegrin, ‘Bibliothèques’ (above, n. 20), 221. For the date of De dictis et factis Alphonsi, Bentley, J.H., Politics and Culture in Renaissance Naples (Princeton, 1987), 224Google Scholar.

32 Panormita, De dictis et factis Alphonsi (above, n. 31), 15 (1.44): ‘potissimum librum’; Hersey, G.L., The Aragonese Arch at Naples 1443–1475 (New Haven/London, 1973), 31Google Scholar. On the Castelnuovo arch, Hersey, The Aragonese Arch; Kruft, H.-W. and Malmanger, M., ‘Der Triumphbogen Alfonsos in Neapel. Das Monument und seine politische Bedeutung’, Acta ad Archaeologiam et Artium Historiam Pertinentia 6 (1975), 213–305Google Scholar; Driscoll, E.R., ‘Alfonso of Aragon as a patron of art. Some reflections on the decoration and design of the Triumphal Arch of the Castel Nuovo in Naples’, in Sadler, L. Freedman (ed.), Essays in Memory of Karl Lehmann (Marsyas, Studies in the History of Art Supplement 1) (Locust Valley (NY), 1964), 87–96Google Scholar; Clarke, Roman House — Renaissance Palaces (above, n. 3), in chapter 2.

33 This copy for Alfonso may be Valencia, Univ. Lib., MS 2411: G. Hajnóczi, ‘Vitruvius, De architectura (MS Lat. 32) in the University Library, Budapest, and the Milanese court of humanists’, Arte Lombarda 96/97 (1991), 100Google Scholar; Clarke, Roman House — Renaissance Palaces (above, n. 3), table. Related to this royal interest may also have been another manuscript of the text produced in Naples in 1453, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale. Cod. Magi. XVII 5: Clarke, Roman House — Renaissance Palaces (above, n. 3), table. On Decembrio, Naples and Vitruvius, Borsa, ‘P.C. Decembrio’ (above, n. 19), 378–9, 388–96; Ditt, ‘Pier Candido Decembrio’ (above, n. 19), 24. But this does not mean that Decembrio necessarily had any involvement in the encouragement of knowledge of Vitruvius there.

34 Borsi, F., Leon Battista Alberti (Milan, 1975), 142Google Scholar, letter of 13 December 1459. On Pienza, Mack, C.R., Pienza. The Creation of a Renaissance City (Ithaca (NY)/London, 1987Google Scholar); Tönnesmann, A., Pienza: Städtebau und Humanismus (Munich, 1990Google Scholar); Clarke, Roman House — Renaissance Palaces (above, n. 3), in chapter 1.

35 Perer, M.L. Gatti, ‘Umanesimo a Milano. L'osservanza agostiniana all'Incoronata’, Arte Lombarda 53–4(1980), 30, 45Google Scholar; Rovetta, ‘Cultura e codici vitruviani’ (above, n. 9), 12; Ferrari, ‘Fra i ‘latini scriptores’’ (above, n. 18), 262–3. He was archbishop from 1454 to 1457, and the Vitruvius was returned to the library after his death in September 1457.

36 1462 manuscript — Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, A 137 sup., 1463 manuscript — Budapest, University Library, MS Lat. 32, Clarke, Roman House — Renaissance Palaces (above, n. 3), table. Cesariano, C., Di Lucio Vitruvio Pollione de architectura libri decem traducti de latino in volgare affigurati, commentati… (Como, 1521), 100rGoogle Scholar: ‘vitruviane symmetrie’; Rovetta, ‘Cultura architettonica’ (above, n. 20), 81.

37 For fuller discussion of these and a catalogue of known Vitruvius manuscripts, Clarke, Roman House — Renaissance Palaces (above, n. 3).

38 The evidence is not clear-cut. Baxandall, ‘A dialogue’ (above, n. 24), 306; Alberti, L.B., L'architettura (ed. Orlandi, G. and Portoghesi, P.) (Milan, 1966), 441–5Google Scholar (6.1); Krautheimer, R., ‘Alberti and Vitruvius’, in Krautheimer, R., Studies in Early Christian, Medieval and Renaissance Art (New York/London, 1969), 323–32Google Scholar; Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti (above, n. 34), 316; Tafuri, ‘Cesare Cesariano’ (above, n. 3), 393; Pagliara, ‘Vitruvio’ (above, n. 3), 17; Tafuri, M., ‘Il luogo teatrale’, in Cruciani, F. and Seragnol, D. i (eds), Il teatro italiano nel Rinascimento (Bologna, 1987), 55Google Scholar; Pearson Perry, ‘A fifteenth-century dialogue’ (above, n. 24), 625–7; J. Rykwert, ‘Leon Battista Alberti a Ferrara’, in Rykwert and Engel (eds), Leon Battista Alberti (above, n. 29), 158–61; C. Grayson, ‘The composition of L.B. Alberti's ‘Decem libri de re aedificatoria’’, in Grayson, C., Studi su Leon Battista Alberti (ed. Claut, P.) (Florence, 1998), 173–92Google Scholar.

39 Krautheimer, ‘Albert i and Vitruvius’ (above, n. 38); Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti (above, n. 34), 316–19; H.-K. Lücke, ‘Alberti, Vitruvio e Cicerone’, in Rykwert and Engel (eds), Leon Battista Alberti (above, n. 29), 70–90; Burns, ‘Alberti’ (above, n. 29), 122–6. Arguing against Vitruvius as Alberti's primary model, van Eck, C., ‘The structure of De re aedificatoria reconsidered’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 57 (1998), 280–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar; van Eck, C., ‘Architecture, language, and rhetoric in Alberti's De re aedificatoria’, in Clarke, G. and Crossley, P. (eds), Architecture and Language: Constructing Identity in European Architecture c. 1000–c. 1650 (Cambridge, 2000), 72–81Google Scholar.

40 Alberti, L'architettura (above, n. 38), 241 (3.14), 441, 445 (6.1), 525 (6.13); Onians, J.B., Bearers of Meaning (Princeton, 1988), 149Google Scholar.

41 Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti (above, n. 34), 318.

42 For some of the arguments for dating see Burns, ‘Alberti’ (above, n. 29), 120; Grayson, ‘The composition’ (above, n. 38).

43 Alberti, L'architettura (above, n. 38), 1005; G. Orlandi, ‘Le prime fasi nella diffusione del Trattato architettonico albertiano’, in Rykwer t and Engel (eds), Leon Battista Alberti (above, n. 29), 96–105. It was printed in 1485–6.

44 For example Palladio, A., I quattro libri di architettura (Venice, 1570), book 1, pp. 5, 7Google Scholar; G. Simoncini, ‘L'architettura’ di Leon Battista Alberti nel commento di Pellegrino Tibaldi (Rome, 1988), 73 and passim. A. A. Payne, The Architectural Treatise in the Italian Renaissance: Architectural Invention, Ornament, and Literary Culture (Cambridge, 1999), 71, argued that Vitruvius was seen as of more relevance than Alberti in the sixteenth century and this was indicated by their contrasting publication histories. However, Burns, ‘Alberti’ (above, n. 29), 120, presented the publication of Alberti more positively. Alberti was published twice in Italian translation in the sixteenth century — 1550 and 1565.

45 Filarete, A., Filarete's Treatise on Architecture (ed. and trans. Spencer, J.) (New Haven/London, 1965Google Scholar); Filarete, A., Trattato di architettura (ed. Finoli, A.M. and Grassi, L.) (Milan, 1972Google Scholar).

46 Filarete, Filarete's Treatise (above, n. 45), 3–5 (book 1, lr–2r); Filarete, Trattato (above, n. 45V 9–11.

47 Onians, J.B., ‘Filarete und the qualità: architectural and social’, Arte Lombarda 38/39 (1973), 116–28Google Scholar; Onians, Bearers of Meaning (above, n. 40), 162–5.

48 Vasari, G., Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori, e architettori nelle redazoni del 1550 e 1568 (ed. Bettarini, R. and Barocchi, P.) (Florence/Verona, 1966–1987), III, Testo, 246Google Scholar): ‘per lo più ridicola’.

49 Filarete, Trattato (above, n. 45), CVIII–IX. Four fifteenth-century copies of the treatise are known, Filarete, Trattato (above, n. 45), CVIII–XI, CXIII–XXVII.

50 De Marinis, T., La biblioteca napoletana dei re d'Aragona, 4 vols (Milan, 1947–1952), I, 89, 168Google Scholar, II, 72–3.

51 There may also have been a Neapolitan link since Corvinus was closely allied with the Aragonese through his marriage to Beatrice d'Aragona in 1476, and Bandini had spent time there on diplomatic missions.

52 On the library, for example, Berkovits, I., Illuminated Manuscripts from the Library of Matthias Corvinus (Budapest, 1964)Google Scholar; Csapodi, C. and Csapodi-Gardonyi, K., Bibliotheca Corviniana. The Library of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (Budapest, 1969)Google Scholar; Csapodi, C., The Corvinian Library. History and Stock (Budapest, 1973Google Scholar); Csapodi, C., ‘Die Bibliotheca Corviniana und das Buchwesen’, in Stangler, G., Csáky, M., Perger, R. and Jünger, A. (eds), Matthias Corvinus und die Renaissance in Ungarn, 1458–1541 (Vienna, 1982), 66–72Google Scholar; G. Török, ‘Die Bibliotheca Corviniana — Buchmalerei und Wappenbriefe zur Zeit Matthias Corvinus’, in Stangler et al., Matthias Corvinus, 398–455. On Bandini, see Bonfini in Filarete (Antonio Averlino), treatise on architecture translated into Latin by A. Bonfini, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice, MS VIII.2 (2796), 4v; P.O. Kristeller, ‘An unpublished description of Naples by Francesco Bandini’, in Kristeller, P.O., Studies in Renaissance Thought and Letters (Rome, 1956), 395–410Google Scholar; Vasoli, C., ‘Bandini, Francesco’, in Dizionario biografico degli Italiani V (Rome, 1963), 709–10Google Scholar; Feuer-Tóth, R., ‘Writings on the art [sic] by Italian humanists at King Matthias’ court between 1474 and 1490’, Acta Historiae Artium Academiae Scientarium Hungaricae 32 (1986), 31–6Google Scholar; Feuer-Tóth, Art and Humanism (above, n. 11), 56–66, 106–12.

53 Translated between 1488 and 1489. Filarete, MS VIII.2 (2796) (above, n. 52); Filarete, Trattato (above, n. 45), CXII; Feuer-Toth, ‘Writings on the art’ (above, n. 52), 27–58; Hajnóczi, G., ‘Bonfini e Vitruvio nella Buda di Mattia Corvino’, Il Veltro 37 (1–2) (1993), 3–9Google Scholar. On Bonfini, Rill, G., ‘Bonfini, Antonio’, in Dizionario biografico degli Italiani XII (Rome, 1970), 28–30Google Scholar; Feuer-Toth, ‘Writings on the art’ (above, n. 52), 27–9; Greco, A., ‘Ritratto di Antonio Bonfini’, Studi Umanisti Piceni 7 (1987), 153–8Google Scholar; Feuer-Tóth, Art and Humanism (above, n. 11), 49–53.

54 On Ugoleto, Ciaverella, A., ‘Un editore e umanist a filologo: Taddeo Ugoleto detto Della Rocca’, Archivio Storico per le Province Parmensi s. 4, 9 (1957), 133–73Google Scholar.

55 Berkovits, Illuminated Manuscripts (above, n. 52), 102, suggested Giovanni Antonio Cattaneo from Milan; Balogh, J., Die Anfänge der Renaissance in Ungarn. Matthias Corvinus und die Kunst (Graz, 1975), 214–16Google Scholar, left the attribution more open.

56 Feuer-Tóth, ‘Writings on the art’ (above, n. 52), 41–7; cf. Hajnóczi, ‘Bonfini’ (above, n. 53).

57 On the descriptions, Feuer-Tóth, ‘Writings on the art’ (above, n. 52), 41–7; M. Arpád, ‘Egy stílusfordulat reinkarnációja. Antonio Bonfini építészeti terminológiájanak értelm ezése’, in Sub Minervae Nationis Praesidio. Tanulmányok a Nemzeti Kultúrakérdésköréböl Németh Lajoz 60. Születésnapádra. Studies on the National Culture in Honour of Lajos Németh on his 60th Birthday (Budapest, 1989), 37–40Google Scholar (Italian resumé, 397); Feuer-Tóth, Art and Humanism (above, n. 11), 76–82, 94–100. My thanks to Bela Szakacs for bringing Árpád to my attention and obtaining a copy for me.

58 Feuer-Tóth, ‘Writings on the art’ (above, n. 52), 47.

59 Alberti, L'architettura (above, n. 38), 525 (6.13).

60 Filarete, Filarete's Treatise (above, n. 45), 325–9 (bk 25, 190v–192r); Filarete, Trattato (above, n. 45), 698–704; Patetta, L., L'architettura del Quattrocento a Milano (Milan, 1987), 266–74Google Scholar, including earlier literature.

61 Feuer-Tóth, ‘Writings on the art’ (above, n. 52), 43, on classical alternatives to Filarete's vocabulary.

62 Filarete, Filarete's Treatise (above, n. 45), 326 (bk 25, 190v); Filarete, Trattato (above, n. 45), 699; Filarete, MS VIII.2 (2796) (above, n. 52), 171 v; Feuer-Tóth, ‘Writings on the art’ (above, n. 52), 43, transcription incorrect.

63 Feuer-Tóth, ‘Writings on the art’ (above, n. 52), 43.

64 Filarete, MS VIII.2 (2796) (above, n. 52), 3v–4r, dedicatory preface to Matthias by Bonfini; Bonfini, A., Rerum ungaricarum decades (ed. Fógel, I., Iványi, B. and Juhász, L.) (Leipzig, 1936–1976), IV, 4.7.92–24Google Scholar.

65 Vitruvius, , De architecture libri decent (ed. Fensterbuch, C.) (Darmstadt, 1981), 4.2–3Google Scholar. Hajnóczi, ‘Bonfini’ (above, n. 53), on Bonfini using Vitruvius for this translation in general and correcting Filarete.

66 Arpád, ‘Egy stílusfordulat reinkarnációja’ (above, n. 57); Feuer-Tóth, Art and Humanism (above, n. 11), 94–104.

67 A. Bonfini, Libellus de Corviniae domus origine (lost). Bonfini, Rerum ungaricarum (above, n. 64), III, 3.9.192–289; Berkovits, Illuminated Manuscripts (above, n. 52), 19; Feuer-Tóth, Art and Humanism (above, n. 11), 75. Reference to Matthias's ‘Romanos progenitores’ in the preface to the Filarete translation, Filarete, MS VIII.2 (2796) (above, n. 52), 3r.

68 On all'antica architecture in Matthias's buildings, see, for example, Balogh, Die Anfänge der Renaissance (above, n. 55); Bialostocki, J., The Art of the Renaissance in Eastern Europe (Oxford, 1976Google Scholar); Stangler et al., Matthias Corvinus (above, n. 52), 275–94, 361–97.

69 Filarete, MS VIII.2 (2796) (above, n. 52), 3r: ‘priscam Architecturam inlucem revocasti’; Feuer-Tóth, ‘Writings on the art’ (above, n. 52), 48.

70 On humanist and classical aspects in Matthias Corvinus's court culture, see, for example, Kardos, T., ‘Mattia Corvino re umanista’, La Rinascita 16 (1940), 803–41Google Scholar; Stangler et al., Matthias Corvinus (above, n. 52).