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Patterns of cercarial production from Diplostomum spathaceum: terminal investment or bet hedging?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2004

A. KARVONEN ,
S. KIRSI ,
P. J. HUDSON  and
E. T. VALTONEN
A. KARVONEN
Affiliation:
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä
S. KIRSI
Affiliation:
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä
P. J. HUDSON
Affiliation:
Biology Department, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, Pa 16802, USA Department of Biological Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland
E. T. VALTONEN
Affiliation:
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä
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Abstract

In the production of the infective cercariae of trematodes, the terminal investment hypothesis of life-history theory predicts that the rate of host exploitation and cercarial production should increase during the period of cercarial shedding since the reproductive value of the parasite decreases during this period. In contrast, a bet hedging hypothesis that focuses on the success of transmission when host contact rate is variable predicts that cercarial production should decrease in an attempt to keep the host alive for longer and thus would increase the probability of successful transmission. We examined these two hypotheses under laboratory conditions and recorded the production of Diplostomum spathaceum cercariae from naturally infected snail hosts, Lymnaea stagnalis. The average number of cercariae produced per day decreased as the snail host approached death counter to the terminal investment hypothesis. The finding supports the prediction of the bet hedging hypothesis and implies that the pattern of cercarial production may be explained by reduced virulence of the parasite within the snails to ensure extended total production time of cercariae. Nevertheless, survival of infected snails was still lower than uninfected snails suggesting that ultimately the infection still increased snail mortality rate. Cercarial production varied between days but was not cyclic, probably because of the physiology of the sporocysts within snails. Fewer cercariae were released at night, which may increase transmission efficiency to diurnally-active fish hosts. The mechanisms associated with daily cercarial production are discussed.

Keywords

transmissionlife-historyterminal investmentbet hedgingparasite-induced mortalityDiplostomum spathaceumTrematodaLymnaea stagnalis
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 129 , Issue 1 , July 2004 , pp. 87 - 92
Copyright
© 2004 Cambridge University Press

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