Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T07:54:26.576Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Studies on the biological control of schistosome-bearing snails. Predators and parasites of fresh-water mollusca: a review of the literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

Edward H. Michelson
Edward H. Michelson
Affiliation:
Department of Tropical Public Health, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Although the biological control of medically important snails has been suggested from time to time during the past quarter of a century (Nagano, 1927; Bequaert, 1928; Mozely, 1939, 1951; McMullen, 1952), the subject has, as yet, received but little serious consideration. Upon the initiation of our studies (Chernin, Michelson & Augustine, 1956a, b) the literature was searched for references to predators, parasites and diseases of molluscs which might furnish leads for experimental investigation.

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 47 , Issue 3-4 , December 1957 , pp. 413 - 426
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1957

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amberson, J. M. & Schwarz, E. (1953). On African schistosomiasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 47 (6), 451–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, Ch. & Gobert, E. (1924). Des mesures prophylactique applicables centre la bilharziose en Tunisie. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis, 13, 125–28.Google Scholar
André, M. & Lamy, E. (1930). Les acariens parasites des mollusques. J. de Conchyliol. 74, 199–221.Google Scholar
André, M. & Lamy, E. (1931). Les acariens parasites des mollusques (notes complémentaires). J. Conchyliol. 75, 322–7.Google Scholar
Anthony, H. E. (1928). Field Book of North American Mammals, 1st ed.625 pp. New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons.Google Scholar
Baily, G. (1895). A mess-mate of Limnaea stagnalis. J. Malacol. 4, 8–10.Google Scholar
Baker, F. C. (1916). The relation of mollusks to fish in Oneida Lake. Tech. Publ. no. 4. New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse Univ. 16, 1–366.Google Scholar
Barnard, K. H. (1911). Chironomid larvae and watersnails. Ent. Man. Mag. 47, 76–8.Google Scholar
Bayer, F. A. H. (1954). Larval trematodes found in some fresh-water snails: a suggested biological method of bilharzia control. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 48, 414–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bequaert, J. (1925). The arthropod enemies of mollusks, with description of a new dipterous parasite from Brazil. J. Parasit. 11, 201–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bequaert, J. (1928). Mollusks of importance in human and veterinary medicine. Pts. I and II. Amer. J. Trap. Med. 8, 165–82, 215–32.Google Scholar
Berg, C. O. (1953). Sciomyzid larvae (Diptera) that feed on snails. J. Parasit. 39, 630–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, E. G. (1949). A recently observed snail disease. Ann. Rep. Amer. Malac. Union News Bull. 1948–49, pp. 10–11.Google Scholar
Bishop, S. C. (1921). The map turtle (Graptemys geographica (Le Sueur)). Copeia, no. 100, pp. 80–1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, K. G. (1927). An aquatic lampyrid larva from S. Celebes. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Land. 75, 43–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boisin-Bennike, S. A. (1943). Contributions to the ecology and biology of the Danish fresh-water leeches (Hirudinea). Folia limnol. scand. no. 2, 109 pp.Google Scholar
de Bont, A. F. & de Bont-Hers, M. J. (1952). Mollusc control and fish-farming in Central Africa. Nature, Land., 170, 323–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brumpt, E. (1941). Observations biologiques diverses concernant Planorbis (Australorbis) glabratus hôte intermédiaire de Schistosoma mansoni. Ann. Parasit. hum. comp. 18, 9–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, A. B. (1885). Observations on the muskrat. Amer. Nat. 19, 1044–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cawston, F. G. (1921). Wild birds a cause of the spread of bilharzia infection. J. Trap. Med. (Hyg.), 24, 109–110.Google Scholar
Cawston, F. G. (1928). Bilharzia disease and bird protection. J. Trap. Med. (Hyg.), 31, 261–2.Google Scholar
Chandler, E. R. (1924). Unionicola aculeata (Koenike) in snails in North Carolina. J. Parasit. 20, 312.Google Scholar
Chernin, E., Michelson, E. H. & Augustine, D. L. (1956 a). Studies on the biological control of schistosome-bearing snails. I. The control of Australorbis glabratus populations by the snail, Marisa cornuarietis, under laboratory conditions. Amer. J. Trap. Med. Hyg. 5, 297–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chernin, E., Michelson, E. H. & Augustine, D. L. (1956 b). Studies on the biological control of schistosome-bearing snails. II. The control of Australorbis glabratus populations by the leech, Helobdella fusca, under laboratory conditions. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 5, 308–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chitwood, B. G. & Chitwood, M. B. (1934). Daubaylia potamca n.sp., a nematode parasite of snails, with a note on other nemas associated with molluscs. Proc. Hel. Soc. Wash. 1, 8–9.Google Scholar
Chitwood, B. G. & Chitwood, M. B. (1937). Snails as hosts and carriers of nematodes and nematomorpha. Nautilus, 50, 130–5.Google Scholar
Coates, H. (1922). (Exhibits). J. Conchyliol. 16, 319.Google Scholar
Collins, F. S. (1897). Some perforating and other algae on fresh-water shells. Erythea, 5, 95–7.Google Scholar
Cook, A. S. (1947). Enemies of mollusca. J. Conchyliol. 22, 267.Google Scholar
Cooke, A. H. (1895). Molluscs. Cambridge Natural History. 3,1–535. London: MacMillan Co.Google Scholar
Cort, W. W. (1915). Some North American larval trematodes. III. Biol. Monogr. 1 (no. 4), 1–86.Google Scholar
Cottam, C. (1936). Food of the limpkin. Wilson Bull. 48, 11–13.Google Scholar
Cottam, C. (1939). Food habits of North American diving ducks. Tech. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. no. 643, 139 pp.Google Scholar
Cowper, S. (1946). Some notes on the maintenance and breeding of schistosome vectors in Great Britain, with special reference to Planorbis guadaloupensis Sowerby. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 40, 163–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cruz, O. & Dias, E. (1953). Bacillus pinottii sp.n. (Correspondence to the editor.) Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 47, 581–2.Google Scholar
Dawes, B. (1946). The Trematoda, 644 pp. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dawson, J. (1911). The biology of Physa. Behavior Monogr. 1 (4), 1–120.Google Scholar
Deschiens, K. (1954). Mécanisme de l'action léthale de Cypridopsis hartwigi sur les mollusques vecteurs des bilharzioses. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 47, 399–401.Google Scholar
Deschiens, R., Dechancé, M. & Vermeil, C. (1955). Action prédatrice des crabes d'eau douce du genre Potamon sur les mollusques vecteurs des bilharzioses. Bull. Soc. Pat. exot. 48, 203–7.Google Scholar
Deschiens, R. & Lamy, L. (1954). Action prédatrice des écrevisses des genres Astacus et Cambarus sur les mollusques des bilharzioses. Bull. Soc. Pat. exot. 47, 809–12.Google Scholar
Deschiens, R. & Lamy, L. (1955). Préhension et ingestion des mollusques vecteurs des bilharzioses par les ecrevisses du genre Cambarus. Bull. Soc. Pat. exot. 48, 201–3.Google ScholarPubMed
Deschiens, R., Lamy, L. & Lamy, H. (1953). Sur un ostracode predateur de bulins et de planorbes. Bull. Soc. Pat. exot. 46, 956–8.Google Scholar
Dias, E. (1953 a). Novo possibilidade de combate aos moluscos transmissores des esquistossomoses. Minas Oerais, Bambui. Emprêssa Edit, o Êco, 22 pp.Google Scholar
Dias, E. (1953 b). Bacteriological warfare on the intermediate hosts of human schistosomes. Fifth International Congr. Trop. Med. and Malaria, Istanbul (Mimeographed report), 7 pp. (Republished Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz. 52, 315–27, 1954).Google Scholar
Dias, E. (1955). Isolamento e selecão de microorganismos de planorbideos utilizaveis em ensaios de luta biológica contra êstes invertebrados. O Hospital, 47, 111–16.Google Scholar
Dias, E. & Dawood, M. M. (1955). Preliminary trials on the biological snail control with Bacillus pinottii in Egypt. Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 53, 13–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drake, C. J. (1914). Food of Rana pipiens Shreber. Ohio Nat. 14, 257–69.Google Scholar
Edwards, F. W. (1929). British non-biting midges (Diptera; Chironomidae). Trans. Ent. Soc. Land. 77, 279–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elgood, B. S. & Cherry, T. (1919). Bilharziasis: its incidence and eradication. Lancet, 197, 636–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliot, W. T. (1917). Glossiphonia (leech) destroying Limnaea peregra. Proc. Malac. Soc. Land. 12, 307.Google Scholar
Evenden, F. G. (1948). Food habits of Triturus granulosus in Western Oregon. Copeia, no. 3, 219–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fantham, H. B. (1923). Some parasitic protozoa found in South Africa VI. S.A. J. Sci. 20, 493–500.Google Scholar
Farner, D. S. (1947). Notes on the food habits of the salamanders of Crater Lake, Oregon. Copeia, no. 4, 259–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, P.H. (1951). Causes de destruction des mollusques; maladies etmort. J. Conchyliol. 91, 29–59.Google Scholar
Forbes, S. A. (1880 a). The food of fishes. Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. 1 (3), 18–65.Google Scholar
Forbes, S. A. (1880 b). On the food of young fishes. Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. 1 (3), 65–79.Google Scholar
Forbes, S. A. (1883). The food of the smaller fresh water fishes. Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. 1 (6), 65–94.Google Scholar
Forbes, S. A. (1888 a). The food of fishes. Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. 2, 433–73.Google Scholar
Forbes, S. A. (1888 b). On the food relations of fresh-water fishes. Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. 2, 475–538.Google Scholar
Forbes, S. A. (1914). Fresh-water fishes and their ecology. Special Publ. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. 19 pp.Google Scholar
Frömming, E. (1932). Die Zooparasiten unserer Süsswasserschnecken. Arch. Molluskenk. 64, 154–9.Google Scholar
Fullaway, D. T. (1940). (Notes and Exhibitions.) Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc. 10, 368.Google Scholar
Gamble, F. W. (1910). Platyhelminthes and Mesozoa. In Vol. 2, Cambridge Natural History. London: MacMillan Co.Google Scholar
Gardner, W. (1908). Fresh-water mollusca disseminated by water-beetles. Ent. Mon. Mag. 44, 89.Google Scholar
Ghosh, E. (1918). Studies on infusoria. Rec. Indian Mus. Calcutta, 15, 129–34.Google Scholar
Girard, A. (1908). Un nouveau rotifire (Prolales ovicola) parasite des ponts de mollusques d'eau douce. Feuille J. Nat., Paris, 38, 184.Google Scholar
Gillet, J. & Wolfs, J. (1954). Les bilharzioses humaines au Congo Beige et au Ruanda-Urandi. Bull. World Hlth Org. 10, 315–419.Google Scholar
Glascott, L. S. (1893). A list of some of the Rotifera of Ireland. Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., N.S., 13, 29–86.Google Scholar
Goetsch, W. & Scheuring, L. (1926). Parasitismus und Symboise der Algengattung Chlorella. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere, 7, 220–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guibé, J. (1936). Glossiphonia heteroclita L., hirudinée prédatrice de mollusques gastéropodes. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, Caen, Ser. 8, 8, 73–9.Google Scholar
Hamham, A. W. (1914). Notes on mollusks from British Columbia. Nautilus, 28, 87–8.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. J. (1939). American Mammals, 1st ed.434 pp. New York: McGraw-Hill Co.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. J. (1948). The food and feeding behavior of the Green Frog, Rana clamitans Latreille, in New York State. Copeia, no. 3, pp. 203–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, W. A. (1910). A revision of the British leeches. Parasitology, 3, 130–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, F. (1936). The distribution of the limpkin and its staple food, Pomacea. Nautilus, 50, 37–40.Google Scholar
Harper, F (1941). Further notes on the food of the limpkin. Nautilus, 55, 3–4.Google Scholar
Hasama, B. (1943). Lebengeschichte der Luciola cruciata und der Luciola lateralis. Annot. zool. jap. 22, 23–47.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, C. H. (1931). Chironomid larvae associated with water-snails. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 26, 71–4.Google Scholar
Hollands, A. & Chabelard, R. (1953). Essai de lutte biologique par‘Dimoeriopsis destructor’ Hollande et Pesson (Protozoaire Flagellé) contra les bilharzioses et les distomatoses. Minerva Urologica (Torino), 5, 145.Google Scholar
Humes, A. G. & Jamnbaok, H. A. (1950). Najadicola ingens (Koenike), a water-mite parasitic in fresh-water clams. Psyche, 57, 77–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphreys, R. M. (1932). Vesical schistosomiasis in the Gezira irrigated area of the Sudan. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 26, 241–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarocki, J. (1935). Studies on ciliates from fresh-water molluscs. I. Bull. int. Acad. Cracovie (Acad. pol. Sci.), Ser. B, Sci Nat. (II), nos. 6/7, pp. 201–30.Google Scholar
Johnson, G. (1850). An Introduction to Conchology, 614 pp. London.Google Scholar
Jutting, T. V. B. (1938). A freshwater pulmonate (Physa fontinalis (L.)) inhabited by the larva of a non-biting midge (Tendipes (Parachironomus) varus Gtgh.). Arch. Hydrobiol. Plankt. 32, 693–9.Google Scholar
Kay, M. W. (1946). Observations on Dogielella renalis, n.sp. (Astomata, Ciliophora) from the renal organ of Physella sp. J. Parasit. 32, 197–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kew, H. W. (1893). The Dispersal of Shells. International Scientific Series, vol. 75, 291 pp. London: Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co.Google Scholar
Kidder, G. W. (1934). Studies on the ciliates from fresh-water mussels. II. The nuclei of Conchophthirius anodontae Stein, C. anatus expl. and C. magna Kidder, during binary fission. Biol. Bull., Woods Hole, 66, 286–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krasnodebski, F. (1936). Untersuchungen über die Nahrung des Oligochaeten Chaetogaster limnaei K. E. v. Baer. Zoologica Poloniae, 1, 199–208.Google Scholar
Krull, W. H. (1931). Importance of laboratory-raised snails in helminthology with life history notes on Gyraulus parvus. Occ. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. no. 226, 10 pp.Google Scholar
Kudo, R. R. (1954). Protozoology. 4th ed.966 pp. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, H. (1924). Ampullarius and Rostrahamus at Georgetown, British Guiana. Nautilus, 37, 73–7.Google Scholar
Lagrange, E. (1951). Essai de lutte biologique contre les planorbes. Ann. Soc. Beige Méd. Trap. 31, 447–9.Google Scholar
Lagrange, E. (1953). La lutte biologique contre les planorbes. Ann. Soc. Beige Med. Trop. 33, 227–36.Google Scholar
Lagrange, E. & Fain, A. (1952). Sur un nouveau prédateur des mollusques pulmones d'eau douce transmetteurs de la bilharziose. Ann. Soc. Beige Med,. Trop. 32, 53–5.Google Scholar
Lee, W. S. (1886). How the muskrat (Fiver zibethicus) opens the Unio. J. Trenton Nat. Hist. Soc. 1, 8.Google Scholar
Leidy, J. (1877). Remarks on some parasitic infusoria. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. pp. 259–60.Google Scholar
de Leon, W. (1919). Balantidium haughworti, new species parasitic in the intestinal tract of Ampullaria species; a morphological study. Philipp. J. Sci. 15, 389–409.Google Scholar
Lundbeck, W. (1923). Some remarks on the biology of the Sciomyzidae together with description of a new species of Ctenulus from Denmark. Vidensk. Medd. dansk naturh. Foren. Kbh. 76, 101–9.Google Scholar
Martin, A. D. & Uhler, F. M. (1939). Food of game ducks in the United States and Canada. Tech. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. no. 634, 156 pp.Google Scholar
Mathias, P. & Boulle, L. (1933). Sur une larve de chironomide (Diptère) parasite d'un mollusque. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 196, 1744–6.Google Scholar
McAtee, W. L. (1914). Birds transporting food supplies. Auk, 31, 404–5. (Reprinted in Nautilus, 28, 71–2.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAtee, W. L. (1918). Food habits of the Mallard Ducks of the United States. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric. no. 720, 36 pp.Google Scholar
McLane, W. A. (1939). Pomacea paludosa a predator of the brown darter. Nautilus, 52, 141–2.Google Scholar
McMullen, D. B. (1952). Molluscacides and Other Means of Snail Destruction. Mimeographed Report WHO/Bilharz/7, 10 pp.Google Scholar
Mell, R. (1938). Aus der Biologie chinesischer Schildkröten. Arch. Naturgesch., N.S., 7, 390–475.Google Scholar
Merriam, C. H. (1884). Mammals of the Adirondacks, 316 pp. New York: L. S. Foster.Google Scholar
Miller, J. A. (1929). The leeches of Ohio. Distribution of the species together with what is known of their occurrence, food, and habitat. Ohio State Univ., Contr. Stone Lab., no. 2, 38 pp.Google Scholar
Mitchell, B. L. (1946). A naturalist in Nyasaland. Nyasaland Agric. Quart. J., Blantyre, 6, 1–23.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. D. (1955). Anatomy, life history, and evolution of the mites parasitizing freshwater mussels. Misc. Publ. Mua. Zool., Univ. Mich. no. 89, 28 pp.Google Scholar
Moore, J. P. (1901). The Hirudinea of Illinois. Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. 5, 479–547.Google Scholar
Mozely, A. (1939). The freshwater mollusca of the Tanganyika Territory and Zanzibar Protectorate, and their relation to human schistosomiasis. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. 59, 687–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mozely, A. (1951). The Snail Hosts of Bilharzia in Africa, 78 pp. London: H. K. Lewis and Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Mozely, A. (1953). A Background for the Prevention of Bilharzia, 71 pp. London: H. K. Lewis and Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Mozely, A. (1954). An Introduction to Molluscan Ecology, 71 pp. London: H. K. Lewis and Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Nagano, K. (1927). Studies on prophylaxis of clonorchiasis. Far Eastern Ass. Trop. Med. Trans. Seventh Congress, British India, 3, 211–12.Google Scholar
Nekrassow, A. D. (1928). Vergleichende Morphologie der Laiche von Süsswassergastropoden. Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere, 13, 1–35.Google Scholar
Nelson, R. (1865). Physa hypnorum occasionally carnivorous. Naturalist, 1, 302.Google Scholar
Nicholson, D. J. (1926). Nesting habits of the Everglade Kite in Florida. Auk, 43, 62–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okada, Y. K. (1928). Two Japanese aquatic glowworms. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 76, 101–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver-González, J., Bauman, P. M. & Benenson, A. S. (1956). Effect of the snail Marisa cornuarietis on Australorbis glabratus in natural bodies of water in Puerto Rico. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 5, 290–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivier, L., Barbosa, F. S. & Coelho, M. V. (1954). The influence of infection with Schistosoma mansoni on survival of Australorbis glabratus. Publ. Avulsas Instit. Aggeu Magalhães, 3, 63–71.Google Scholar
Pelseneer, P. (1926). Les parasites des mollusques et les mollusques parasites. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 53, 158–89.Google Scholar
Porter, A. (1938). The larval trematodes found in certain South African mollusca. Publ. S.A. Inst. Med. Res. 8, 1–492.Google Scholar
Pratt, I. & Barton, G. D. (1941). The effects of four species of larval trematodes upon the liver and ovotestis of the snail, Stagnicola emarginata angulata (Sowerby). J. Parasit. 27, 233–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raabe, Z. (1933). Untersuchungen an einigen Arten des Genus Conchophthirus Stein. Bull. Int. Acad. Cracovie (Acad. pol. Sci.), Ser. B., Sci. Nat. (II), nos. 8/10, pp. 295–310.Google Scholar
Rankin, J. S. (1939). Ecological studies on larval trematodes from Western Massachusetts. J. Parasit. 25, 309–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruthven, A. G., Thompson, C. & Thompson, H. (1912). The herpetology of Michigan. Mich. Geol. Sur. Publ. no. 10, Biol. Ser. 3, pp. 7–166.Google Scholar
Seton, E. T. (1909). Life Histories of Northern Animals, 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner and Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sewell, R. B. S. (1922). Cercariae Indicae. Indian J. Med. Res. (Suppl.), 10, 1–370.Google Scholar
Sonsino, P. (1892). Studi sui parassiti di molluschi di acqua dolce nei dintorni di Cairo in Egitto. Festschr. 70 Oeburtssage R. Leucharts, pp. 134–46. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Stebbins, R. C. (1951). Amphibians of Western North America, 539 pp. Berkley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, J. (1912). Notes on Proales (Notommata) gigantea Glascott, a rotifer parasitic in the egg of the water-snail. J. Quekett Micr. Cl. 11, 481–5.Google Scholar
Surface, H. A. (1908). First report on the economic features of the turtles of Pennsylvania. Zool. Bull., Div. Zool., Dep. Agric. Pennsylvania, 6, 106–45.Google Scholar
Surface, H. A. (1913). First report on the economic features of the amphibians of Pennsylvania. Zool. Bull., Div. Zool., Dep. Agric. Pennsylvania, 3, 66–152.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. W. (1894–1900). Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusks of the British Islands, 454 pp. Structural and General Volume, Leeds.Google Scholar
Texera, D. A. & Scorza, J. V. (1954). Investigaciones sobre una forma bacteriana parecida al Bacillus pinottii hallada en Venezuela con acción patógena sobre el Australorbis glabratus Say. Arch. Venezol. Patol. Trop. Parasit. Méd. 2, 235–42.Google Scholar
Tomes, F. R. (1850). Food of the water vole (Arvicola amphibius). Zoologist, 8, 2638.Google Scholar
Tomlin, J. R. B. (1908). Fresh-water mollusca disseminated by water-beetles. Ent. Mon. Mag. 44, 40.Google Scholar
Uyemura, M. (1935). Über drei in der Süsswasser-Muschel (Anodonta lauta von Martens) lebende Ciliaten (Conchophthirus). Sci. Rep. Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku, sect. B, no. 33, vol. 2, pp. 89–100.Google Scholar
Van Den Berghe, L. (1934). Sur un ciliate parasite des pontes de mollusques d'eau douce, Glaucoma Paedophthera n.sp. C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 115, 1423.Google Scholar
Vehcammen-Grandjean, P. H. (1951). Considérations sur les moeurs de ‘Xenopus laevis victorianus Ahl’. Ann. Soc. Beige Med. Trop. 31, 409–14.Google Scholar
Viets, K. & Plate, H. P. (1954). Die ökologischen (parasitologischen) Beziehungen zwischen Wassermilben (Hydrachnellae, Acari) und Süsswasser-Mollusken. Z. angew. Ent. 35,459–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volz, E. & Frömming, E. (1936). Parasiten in Acroloxus lacustris. Arch. Molluskenk. 68, 211–13.Google Scholar
Walsh, B. D. (1863). On some remarkable or exceptional larvae, coleopterous, lepidopterous, and dipterous, with description of several new genera and species, and of several speciesinjurious to vegetation. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9, 286–318.Google Scholar
Wesenberg-Lund, C. (1943). Biologie der Süsswasserinsekten, 682 pp. Copenhagen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wild, S. V. & Lawson, A. K. (1937). Enemies of the land and freshwater mollusca of the British Isles. J. Conchyliol. 20, 351–61.Google Scholar
Williams, J. W. (1889). Lymnaea stagnalis and L. peregra devoured by Dytiscus marginalia. Sci. Gossip, pp. 280–1.Google Scholar
Wolcott, R. H. (1899). On the North American species of the genus Atax (Fabr.) Bruz. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc. 20, 193–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar