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Alpha proteobacteria of genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae): Epidemiology and characteristics of Anaplasma species related to veterinary and public health importance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2016

FARHAN AHMAD ATIF
FARHAN AHMAD ATIF*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan
*
*Corresponding author: Department of Animal Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan. E-mail: atif786@uos.edu.pk
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Summary

The Anaplasma species are important globally distributed tick-transmitted bacteria of veterinary and public health importance. These pathogens, cause anaplasmosis in domestic and wild animal species including humans. Rhipicephalus, Ixodes, Dermacentor and Amblyomma genera of ticks are the important vectors of Anaplasma. Acute anaplasmosis is usually diagnosed upon blood smear examination followed by antibodies and nucleic acid detection. All age groups are susceptible but prevalence increases with age. Serological cross-reactivity is one of the important issues among Anaplasma species. They co-exist and concurrent infections occur in animals and ticks in same geographic area. These are closely related bacteria and share various common attributes which should be considered while developing vaccines and diagnostic assays. Movement of susceptible animals from non-endemic to endemic regions is the major risk factor of bovine/ovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever. Tetracyclines are currently available drugs for clearance of infection and treatment in humans and animals. Worldwide vaccine is not yet available. Identification, elimination of reservoirs, vector control (chemical and biological), endemic stability, habitat modification, rearing of tick resistant breeds, chemotherapy and tick vaccination are major control measures of animal anaplasmosis. Identification of reservoirs and minimizing the high-risk tick exposure activities are important control strategies for human granulocytic anaplasmosis.

Keywords

EpidemiologydistributioncontrolAnaplasma species
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 143 , Issue 6 , May 2016 , pp. 659 - 685
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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