Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:03:35.129Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Anthelmintic activity of plants against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats: a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 June 2019

Francianne Oliveira Santos ,
Amanda Ponce Morais Cerqueira ,
Alexsandro Branco ,
Maria José Moreira Batatinha  and
Mariana Borges Botura Open the ORCID record for Mariana Borges Botura [Opens in a new window]
Francianne Oliveira Santos
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina s/n, CEP: 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
Amanda Ponce Morais Cerqueira
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina s/n, CEP: 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
Alexsandro Branco
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina s/n, CEP: 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
Maria José Moreira Batatinha
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Hospital de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Ademar de Barros, 500, Ondina, CEP: 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
Mariana Borges Botura*
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina s/n, CEP: 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
*
Author for correspondence: Mariana Borges Botura, E-mail: mbbotura@uefs.br
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) stand out as an important cause of disease in small ruminant, especially on goat farm. Widespread resistance to synthetic anthelminthics has stimulated the research for alternative strategies of parasite control, including the use of medicinal plants. The present work summarizes the in vitro and in vivo studies of plants with activity against GIN of goats, focusing on the description of chemical constituents related to this effect. This review retrieved 56 scientific articles from 2008 to 2018 describing more than 100 different plant species. The most frequently investigated family was Fabaceae (30.7%). Most in vitro studies on the activity of plant extracts and fractions were carried out with of free-living stages nematodes. In vivo studies were conducted mainly with the use of plants in animal feed and generally showed lower effectiveness compared to in vitro assays. The main plant secondary metabolites associated with anthelmintic effect are condensed tannins, saponin and flavonoids. However, the studies with compounds isolated from plants and elucidation of their mechanisms of action are scarce. Herbal medicines are thought to be promising sources for the development of effective anthelmintic agents.

Keywords

Anthelminticgastrointestinal nematodesgoatsmedicinal plants
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 146 , Issue 10 , September 2019 , pp. 1233 - 1246
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamu, M, Naidoo, V and Eloff, JN (2013) Efficacy and toxicity of thirteen plant leaf acetone extracts used in ethnoveterinary medicine in South Africa on egg hatching and larval development of Haemonchus contortus. BMC Veterinary Research 9, 01–08.Google Scholar
Aissa, A, Manolaraki, F, Ben Salem, H, Hoste, H and Kraiem, K (2016) In vitro assessment of the anthelmintic activity of Hedysarum carnosum Desf. at different phenological stages and from six locations in Tunisia. Parasitology 143, 778–786.Google Scholar
Alonso-Díaz, MA, Torres-Acosta, JFJ, Sandoval-Castro, CA, Aguilar-Caballero, AJ and Hoste, H (2008) In vitro larval migration and kinetics of exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus larvae exposed to four tropical tanniniferous plant extracts. Veterinary Parasitology 153, 313–319.Google Scholar
Alonso-Díaz, MA, Torres-Acosta, JFJ, Sandoval-Castro, CA and Hoste, H (2011) Comparing the sensitivity of two in vitro assays to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of tropical tannin rich plant extracts against Haemonchus contortus. Veterinary Parasitology 181, 360–364.Google Scholar
Al-Rofaai, A, Rahman, WA, Sulaiman, SF and Yahaya, ZS (2012 a) In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of methanolic leaf extract of Manihot esculenta (cassava) on susceptible and resistant strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Veterinary Parasitology 190, 127–135.Google Scholar
Al-Rofaai, A, Rahman, WA, Sulaiman, SF and Yahaya, ZS (2012 b) In vitro activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) on three pre-parasitic stages of susceptible and resistant strains of Teladorsagia (ostertagia) circumcincta. Veterinary Parasitology 188, 85–92.Google Scholar
Andre, WPP, Ribeiro, WLC, Cavalcante, GS, Santos, JML, Macedo, ITF, de Paula, HCB, Freitas, RM, Morais, SM, Melo, JV and Bevilaqua, CML (2016) Comparative efficacy and toxic effects of carvacryl acetate and carvacrol on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and mice. Veterinary Parasitology 218, 52–58.Google Scholar
Armstrong, SA, Klein, DR, Whitney, TR, Scott, CB, Muird, JP, Lambert, BD and Craig, TM (2013) Effect of using redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii) to reduce Haemonchus contortus in vitro motility and increase ivermectin efficacy. Veterinary Parasitology 197, 271–276.Google Scholar
Athanasiadou, S and Kyriazakis, I (2004) Plant secondary metabolites: antiparasitic effects and their role in ruminant production systems. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63, 631–639.Google Scholar
Azaizeh, H, Halahleh, F, Abbas, N, Markovics, A, Muklada, H, Ungar, ED and Landau, SY (2013) Polyphenols from Pistacia lentiscus and Phillyrea latifolia impair the exsheathment of gastro-intestinal nematode larvae. Veterinary Parasitology 191, 44–50.Google Scholar
Azaizeh, H, Mrenya, R, Markovics, A, Muklada, H, Glazerd, I and Landau, SY (2015) Seasonal variation in the effects of Mediterranean plant extracts on the exsheathment kinetics of goat gastrointestinal nematode larvae. Small Ruminant Research 131, 130–135.Google Scholar
Bentounsi, B, Meradi, S and Cabaret, J (2012) Towards finding effective indicators (diarrhoea and anaemia scores and weight gains) for the implementation of targeted selective treatment against the gastro-intestinal nematodes in lambs in a steppic environment. Veterinary Parasitology 187, 275–279.Google Scholar
Borges, DGL and Borges, FDA (2016) Plants and their medicinal potential for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants. Nematoda 3, 1–7.Google Scholar
Botura, MB, Silva, GD, Lima, HG, Oliveira, JVA, Souza, TS, Santos, JDG, Branco, A, Moreira, ELT, Almeida, MAO and Batatinha, MJM (2011) In vivo anthelmintic activity of an aqueous extract from sisal waste (Agave sisalana Perr.) against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Veterinary Parasitology 177, 104–110.Google Scholar
Botura, MB, Santos, JDG, Silva, GD, Lima, HG, Oliveira, JVA, Almeida, MAO, Batatinha, MJM and Branco, A (2013) In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of Agave sisalana Perr. (sisal) on gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. Veterinary Parasitology 192, 211–217.Google Scholar
Brito, DRB, Costa-Júnior, LM, Garcia, JL, Torres-Acosta, JFJ, Louvandini, H, Cutrim-Júnior, JAA, Araújo, JFM and Soares, EDS (2018) Supplementation with dry Mimosa caesalpiniifolia leaves can reduce the Haemonchus contortus worm burden of goats. Veterinary Parasitology 252, 47–51.Google Scholar
Brunet, S, Jackson, F and Hoste, H (2008 a) Effects of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) extract and monomers of condensed tannins on the association of abomasal nematode larvae with fundic explants. International Journal for Parasitology 38, 783–790.Google Scholar
Brunet, S, Martinez-Ortiz de Montellano, C, Torres-Acosta, JFJ, Sandoval-Castro, CA, Aguilar-Caballero, AJ, Capetillo-Leal, C and Hoste, H (2008 b) Effect of the consumption of Lysiloma latisiliquum on the larval establishment of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Veterinary Parasitology 157, 81–88.Google Scholar
Brunet, S, Fourquaux, I and Hoste, H (2011) Ultrastructural changes in the third-stage, infective larvae of ruminant nematodes treated with sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) extract. Parasitology International 60, 419–424.Google Scholar
Burke, JM, Wells, A, Casey, P and Kaplan, RM (2009 a) Garlic and papaya lack control over gastrointestinal nematodes in goats and lambs. Veterinary Parasitology 159, 171–174.Google Scholar
Burke, JM, Wells, A, Casey, P and Kaplan, RM (2009 b) Herbal dewormer fails to control gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Veterinary Parasitology 160, 168–170.Google Scholar
Cabardo, DE Jr and Portugaliza, HP (2017) Anthelmintic activity of Moringa oleifera seed aqueous and ethanolic extracts against Haemonchus contortus eggs and third stage larvae. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine 5, 30–34.Google Scholar
Cantacessi, C, Campbell, BE and Gasser, RB (2012) Key strongylid nematodes of animals – Impact of next-generation transcriptomics on systems biology and biotechnology. Biotechnology Advances 30, 469–488.Google Scholar
Celaya, R, Ferreira, LMM, Moreno-Gonzalo, J, Frutos, P, Hervás, G, Ferre, I, García, U, Ortega-Mora, LM and Osoro, K (2010) Effects of heather and oat supplementation on gastrointestinal nematode infections and performance of grazing Cashmere goats. Small Ruminant Research 91, 186–192.Google Scholar
Chan-Pérez, JI, Torres-Acosta, JFJ, Sandoval-Castro, CA, Hoste, H, Castañeda-Ramírez, GS, Vilarem, G and Mathieu, C (2016) In vitro susceptibility of ten Haemonchus contortus isolates from different geographical origins towards acetone: water extracts of two tannin rich plants. Veterinary Parasitology 217, 53–60.Google Scholar
Costa-Júnior, LM, Costa, JS, Lôbo, ICPD, Soares, AMS, Abdala, AL, Chaves, DP, Batista, ZS and Louvandini, H (2014) Long-term effects of drenches with condensed tannins from Acacia mearnsii on goats naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Veterinary Parasitology 205, 725–729.Google Scholar
Debela, E, Tolera, A, Eik, LO and Salte, R (2012) Condensed tannins from Sesbania sesban and Desmodium intortum as a means of Haemonchus contortus control in goats. Tropical Animals Health and Production 44, 1939–1944.Google Scholar
De Medeiros, MLS, de Moura, MC, Napoleão, TH, Paiva, PMG, Coelho, LCBB, Bezerra, ACDS and da Silva, MDC (2018) Nematicidal activity of a water soluble lectin from seeds of Moringa oleifera. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 108, 782–789.Google Scholar
Domingues, LF, Botura, MB, Da Cruz, ACFG, Yuki, CC, Da Silva, GD, Costa, S, Murphy, G, Moreira, ELT, De Meneses, IDS, De Almeida, MGAR, Branco, A, De Almeida, MAO and Batatinha, MJM (2010) Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of liquid waste of Agave sisalana (sisal) in goats. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 19, 270–272.Google Scholar
Fagbenro, JA, Oshunsanya, SO, Aluko, PA and Oyeleye, BA (2015) Biomass production, tissue nutrient concentration, and N2-Fixing potentials of seven tropical leguminous species. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 46, 709–723.Google Scholar
Foster, IG, Cassida, KA and Turner, KE (2011) In vitro analysis of anthelmintic activity of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) sesquiterpene lactones against a predominantly Haemonchus contortus egg population. Veterinary Parasitology 180, 298–306.Google Scholar
Gárate-Gallardo, L, de Torres-Acosta, JFJ, Aguilar-Caballero, AJ, Sandoval-Castro, CA, Cámara-Sarmiento, R and Canul-Ku, HL (2015) Comparing different maize supplementation strategies to improve resilience and resistance against gastrointestinal nematode infections in browsing goats. Parasite 22, 1–9.Google Scholar
Githiori, JB, Athanasiadou, S and Thamsborg, SM (2006) Use of plants in novel approaches for control of gastrointestinal helminths in livestock with emphasis on small ruminants. Veterinary Parasitology 139, 308–320.Google Scholar
Gomes, DC, Lima, HG, Vaz, AV, Santos, NS, Santos, FO, Dias, ER, Botura, MB, Branco, A and Batatinha, MJM (2016) In vitro anthelmintic activity of the Zizyphus joazeiro bark against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats and its cytotoxicity on Vero cells. Veterinary Parasitology 226, 10–16.Google Scholar
Gujja, S, Terrill, TH, Mosjidis, JA, Miller, JE, Mechineni, A, Kommuru, DS, Shaik, SA, Lambert, BD, Cherry, NM and Burke, JM (2013) Effect of supplemental sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellets on gastrointestinal nematode infection in grazing goats. Veterinary Parasitology 191, 51–58.Google Scholar
Hernández-Vilegas, MM, Borges-Argáez, R, Rodrúguez-Vivas, RI, Torres-Acosta, JFJ, Méndez-González, M and Cáceres-Farfán, M (2011) Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of the crude extracts from Phytolacca icosandra against Haemonchus contortus. Veterinary Parasitology 179, 100–106.Google Scholar
Hernández-Vilegas, MM, Borges-Argáez, R, Rodrúguez-Vivas, RI, Torres-Acosta, JFJ, Méndez-González, M and Cáceres-Farfán, M (2012) In vivo anthelmintic activity of Phytolacca icosandra against Haemonchus contortus in goats. Veterinary Parasitology 189, 284–290.Google Scholar
Hoste, H, Athanasiadou, S, Thamsborg, SM and Hoskin, SO (2006) The effects of tannin-rich plants on parasitic nematodes in ruminants. Trends in Parasitology 22, 253–261.Google Scholar
Hoste, H, Sotiraki, S, Landau, SY, Jackson, F and Beveridge, I (2010) Goat-nematode interactions: think differently. Trends in Parasitology 26, 376–381.Google Scholar
Hoste, H and Torres-Acosta, JFJ (2011) Non chemical control of helminths in ruminants: adapting solutions for changing worms in a changing world. Veterinary Parasitology 180, 144–154.Google Scholar
Hoste, H, Torres-Acosta, JFJ, Sandoval-Castro, CA, Mueller-Harvey, I, Sotiraki, S, Louvandini, H, Thamsborg, SM and Terrill, TH (2015) Tannin containing legumes as a model for nutraceuticals against digestive parasites in livestock. Veterinary Parasitology 212, 5–17.Google Scholar
Hounzangbe-Adote, MS, Paolini, V, Fouraste, I, Moutairou, K and Hoste, H (2005) In vitro effects of four tropical plants on three life-cycle stages of the parasitic nematode, Haemonchus contortus. Research in Veterinary Science 78, 155–160.Google Scholar
Jamous, RM, Ali-Shtayeh, MS, Abu-Zaitoun, SY, Markovics, A and Azaizeh, H (2017) Effects of selected Palestinian plants on the in vitro exsheathment of the third stage larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes. BMC Veterinary Research 13, 1–11.Google Scholar
Kaminsky, R, Bapst, B, Stein, PA, Strehlau, GA, Allan, BA, Hosking, BC, Rolfe, PF and Sager, H (2011) Differences in efficacy of monepantel, derquantel and abamectin against multi-resistant nematodes of sheep. Parasitology Research 109, 19–23.Google Scholar
Klongsiriwet, C, Quijada, J, Williams, AR, Mueller-Harvey, I, Williamson, EM and Hoste, H (2015) Synergistic inhibition of Haemonchus contortus exsheathment by flavonoid monomers and condensed tannins. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 5, 127–134.Google Scholar
Kommuru, DS, Barker, T, Desai, S, Burke, JM, Ramsay, A, Mueller-Harvey, I, Miller, JE, Mosjidis, JA, Kamisetti, N and Terril, TH (2014) Use of pelleted Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) for natural control of coccidia and gastrointestinal nematodes in weaned goats. Veterinary Parasitology 204, 191–198.Google Scholar
Kommuru, DS, Whitley, NC, Miller, JE, Mosjidis, JA, Burke, JM, Gujja, S, Mechineni, A and Terril, TH (2015) Effect of Sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellets on adult female Haemonchus contortus in goats. Veterinary Parasitology 207, 170–175.Google Scholar
Landau, S, Azaizeh, H, Muklada, H, Glasser, T, Ungar, ED, Baram, H, Abbas, N and Markovics, A (2010) Anthelmintic activity of Pistacia lentiscus foliage in two Middle Eastern breeds of goats differing in their propensity to consume tannin-rich browse. Veterinary Parasitology 173, 280–286.Google Scholar
Lima, HG, Gomes, DC, Santos, NS, Dias, ÊR, Botura, MB, Batatinha, MJM and Branco, A (2017) Prosopis juliflora pods alkaloid-rich fraction: In vitro anthelmintic activity on goat gastrointestinal parasites and its cytotoxicity on vero cells. Pharmacognosy Magazine 13(suppl. 3), S684.Google Scholar
Lopes, SG, Barros, LB, Louvandini, H, Abdalla, AL and Junior, LMC (2016) Effect of tanniniferous food from Bauhinia pulchella on pasture contamination with gastrointestinal nematodes from goats. Parasites & Vectors 9, 102.Google Scholar
Macedo, ITF, Bevilaqua, CML, Oliveira, LMB, Camurça-Vasconcelos, ALF, Vieira, LS, Oliveira, FR, Queiroz-Junior, EM, Tomé, AR and Nascimento, NRF (2010) Anthelmintic effect of Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil against goat gastrointestinal nematodes. Veterinary Parasitology 173, 93–98.Google Scholar
Maphosa, V and Masika, PJ (2012 a) In vivo validation of Aloe ferox (Mill). Elephantorrhiza elephantina Bruch. Skeels. and Leonotis leonurus (L) R. BR as potential anthelminthics and antiprotozoals against mixed infections of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Parasitology Research 110, 103–108.Google Scholar
Maphosa, V and Masika, PJ (2012 b) The potential of Elephantorrhiza elephantina as an anthelminthic in goats. Parasitology Research 111, 881–888.Google Scholar
Martínez-Ortíz-de-Montellano, C, Arroyo-López, C, Fourquaux, I, Torres-Acosta, JFJ, Sandoval-Castro, CA and Hoste, H (2013) Scanning electron microscopy of Haemonchus contortus exposed to tannin-rich plants under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Experimental Parasitology 133, 281–286.Google Scholar
Marume, U, Chimonyo, M and Dzama, K (2012) Influence of dietary supplementation with Acacia karroo on experimental haemonchosis in indigenous Xhosa lop-eared goats of South Africa. Livestock Science 144, 132–139.Google Scholar
Max, RA (2010) Effect of repeated wattle tannin drenches on worm burdens, faecal egg counts and egg hatchability during naturally acquired nematode infections in sheep and goats. Veterinary Parasitology 169, 138–143.Google Scholar
Mechineni, A, Kommuru, DS, Gujja, S, Mosjidis, JA, Miller, JE, Burke, JM, Ramsay, A, Mueller-Harvey, I, Kannan, G, Lee, JH, Kouakou, B and Terrill, TH (2014) Effect of fall-grazed sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) on gastrointestinal nematode infections of growing goats. Veterinary Parasitology 204, 221–228.Google Scholar
Min, BR, Barry, TN, Attwood, GT and McNabb, WC (2003) The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 106, 3–19.Google Scholar
Molento, MB, Fortes, F, Pondelek, D, Borges, F, Chagas, AC, Torres-Acosta, JF and Geldhof, P (2011) Challenges of nematode control in ruminants: focus on Latin America. Veterinary Parasitololy 180, 126–132.Google Scholar
Moreno, FC, Gordon, IJ, Knox, MR, Summer, PM, Skerrat, LF, Benvenutti, MA and Saumell, CA (2012) Anthelmintic efficacy of five tropical native Australian plants against Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in experimentally infected goats (Capra hircus). Veterinary Parasitology 187, 237–243.Google Scholar
Moreno-Gonzalo, J, Manolaraki, F, Frutos, P, Hervás, G, Celaya, R, Osoro, K, Ortega-Mora, LM, Hoste, H and Ferre, I (2013 a) In vitro effect of heather (Ericaceae) extracts on different development stages of Teladorsagia circumcincta and Haemonchus contortus. Veterinary Parasitology 197, 235–243.Google Scholar
Moreno-Gonzalo, J, Manolaraki, F, Frutos, P, Hervás, G, Celaya, R, Osoro, K, Ortega-Mora, LM, Hoste, H and Ferre, I (2013 b) In vitro effect of heather extracts on Trichostrongylus colubriformis eggs, larvae and adults. Veterinary Parasitology 197, 586–594.Google Scholar
Moreno-Gonzalo, J, Osoro, K, García, U, Frutos, P, Celaya, R, Ferreira, LMM, Ortega-Mora, LM and Ferre, I (2013 c) Effect of the consumption of heather on incoming larvae and established population of Teladorsagia circumcincta in experimentally infected Cashmere goats. Veterinary Parasitology 196, 124–129.Google Scholar
Moreno-Gonzalo, J, Osoro, K, García, U, Frutos, P, Celaya, R, Ferreira, LMM, Ortega-Mora, LM and Ferre, I (2014) Anthelmintic effect of heather in goats experimentally infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Parasitology Research 113, 693–699.Google Scholar
Naumann, HD, Armstrong, SA, Lambert, BD, Muir, JP, Tedeschi, LO and Kothmann, MM (2014) Effect of molecular weight and concentration of legume condensed tannins on in vitro larval migration inhibition of Haemonchus contortus. Veterinary Parasitology 199, 93–98.Google Scholar
O'Grady, J and Kotze, AC (2004) Haemonchus contortus: in vitro drug screening assays with the adult life stage. Experimental Parasitology 106, 164–172.Google Scholar
Oliveira, AF, Junior, LMC, Lima, AS, Silva, CR, Ribeiro, MN, Mesquista, JW, Rocha, CQ, Tangerina, MM and Vilegas, W (2017) Anthelmintic activity of plant extracts from Brazilian savanna. Veterinary Parasitology 236, 121–127.Google Scholar
Osoro, K, Celaya, R, Moreno-Gonzalo, J, Ferreira, LMM, García, U, Frutos, P, Ortega-Mora, LM and Ferre, I (2009) Effects of stocking rate and heather supplementation on gastrointestinal nematode infections and host performance in naturally-infected cashmere goats. Rangeland Ecology & Management 62, 127–135.Google Scholar
Preet, S and Tomar, RS (2017) Anthelmintic effect of biofabricated silver nanoparticles using Ziziphus jujuba leaf extract on nutritional status of Haemonchus contortus. Small Ruminant Research 154, 45–51.Google Scholar
Puchala, R, Min, BR, Goetsch, AL and Sahlu, T (2005) The effect of a condensed tannin-containing forage on methane emission by goats. Journal of Animal Science 83, 182–186.Google Scholar
Raju, J, Sahoo, B, Chandrakar, A, Sankar, M, Garg, AK, Sharma, AK and Pandey, AB (2015) Effect of feeding oak leaves (Quercus semecarpifolia vs Quercus leucotricophora) on nutrient utilization, growth performanceand gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in temperate sub Himalayas. Small Ruminant Research 125, 1–9.Google Scholar
Roeber, F, Jex, AR and Gasser, RB (2013) Impact of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes of sheep, and the role of advanced molecular tools for exploring epidemiology and drug resistance – an Australian perspective. Parasites & Vectors 6, 153.Google Scholar
Santos, FO, Lima, HG, Santos, NSS, Serra, TM, Uzeda, RSU, Reis, IMA, Botura, MB, Branco, A and Batatinha, MJM (2017) In vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxicity activities the Digitaria insularis (Poaceae). Veterinary Parasitology 245, 48–54.Google Scholar
Santos, ACV, Santos, FO, Lima, HG, Da Silva, GD, Uzêda, RS, Dias, ÊR, Branco, A, Cardoso, KV, David, JM, Botura, MB, Costa, SL and Batatinha, MJM (2018) In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activities of some saponins and flavonoids against parasitic nematodes of goats. Parasitology 145, 1884–1889.Google Scholar
Sanyal, PK, Sarkar, AK, Patel, NK, Mandal, SC and Pal, S (2008) Formulation of a strategy for the application of Duddingtonia flagrans to control caprine parasitic gastroenteritis. Journal of Helminthology 82, 169–174.Google Scholar
Silveira, RX, Chagas, ACS, Botura, MB, Batatinha, MJM, Katiki, LM, Carvalho, CO, Bevilaqua, CML, Branco, A, Machado, EAA, Borges, SL and Almeida, MA (2012) Action of sisal (Agave sisalana, Perrine) extract in the in vitro development of sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes. Experimental Parasitology 131, 162–168.Google Scholar
Sokerya, S, Waller, PJ, Try, P and Höglund, J (2009) The effect of long-term feeding of fresh and ensiled cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage on gastrointestinal nematode infections in goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41, 251–258.Google Scholar
Soldera-Silva, A, Seyfried, M, Campestrini, LH, Zawadzki-Baggio, SF, Minho, AP, Molento, MB and Maurer, JBB (2018) Assessment of anthelmintic activity and bio-guided chemical analysis of Persea americana seed extracts. Veterinary Parasitology 251, 34–43.Google Scholar
Taylor, MA, Hunti, KR and Goodyear, KL (2002) Anthelmintic resistance detection methods. Veterinary Parasitology 103, 183–194.Google Scholar
Terrill, TH, Dykes, GS, Shaik, SA, Miller, JE, Kouakou, B, Kannan, G, Burke, JM and Mosjidis, JA (2009) Efficacy of Sericea lespedeza hay as a natural dewormer in goats: dose titration study. Veterinary Parasitology 163, 52–56.Google Scholar
Torina, A, Dara, S, Marino, AMF, Sparagano, OAE, Vitale, F, Reale, S and Caracappa, S (2004) Study of gastrointestinal nematodes in Sicilian sheep and goats. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1026, 187–194.Google Scholar
Torres-Acosta, JFJ and Hoste, H (2008) Alternative or improved methods to limit gastro-intestinal parasitism in grazing sheep and goats. Small Ruminant Research 77, 159–173.Google Scholar
Torres-Acosta, JFJ, Jacobs, DE, Aguilar-Caballero, A, Sandoval-Castro, C, May-Martinez, M and Cob-Galera, LA (2004) The effect of supplementary feeding on the resilience and resistance of browsing Criollo kids against natural gastrointestinal nematode infections during the rainy season in tropical Mexico. Veterinary Parasitology 124, 217–238.Google Scholar
Vercruysse, J, Holdsworth, P, Letonja, T, Barth, D, Conder, G, Hamamoto, K and Okano, K (2001) International harmonisation of anthelmintic efficacy guidelines. Veterinary Parasitolology 96, 171–193.Google Scholar
Ventura-Cordero, J, González-Pech, PG, Jaimez-Rodriguez, PR, Ortíz-Ocampo, GI, Sandoval-Castro, CA and Torres-Acosta, JFJ (2017) Gastrointestinal nematode infection does not affect selection of tropical foliage by goats in a cafeteria trial. Tropical Animal Health and Production 49, 97–104.Google Scholar
Whitley, NC, Miller, JE, Burke, JM, Cazac, D, O´brien, DJ, Dykes, L and Muir, JP (2009) Effect of high tannin grain sorghum on gastrointestinal parasite fecal egg counts in goats. Small Ruminant Research 87, 105–107.Google Scholar
Zabré, G, Kaboré, A, Bayala, B, Katiki, LM, Costa-Júnior, LM, Tamboura, HH, Belem, AMG, Abdalla, AL, Niderkorn, V, Hoste, H and Louvandini, H (2017) Comparison of the in vitro anthelmintic effects of Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana. Parasite 44, 1–11.Google Scholar
Zhu, L, Dai, J, Yang, L and Qiu, J (2013) Anthelmintic activity of Arisaema franchetianum and Arisaema lobatum essential oils against Haemonchus contortus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 148, 311–316.Google Scholar