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Conditional persistence and tolerance characterize endoparasite–colonial host interactions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2017

INÊS FONTES Open the ORCID record for INÊS FONTES [Opens in a new window] ,
HANNA HARTIKAINEN ,
NICK G. H. TAYLOR  and
BETH OKAMURA
INÊS FONTES
Affiliation:
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Zürich, Switzerland
HANNA HARTIKAINEN
Affiliation:
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Zürich, Switzerland
NICK G. H. TAYLOR
Affiliation:
Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, Barrack Road, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
BETH OKAMURA*
Affiliation:
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. E-mail: b.okamura@nhm.ac.uk
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Summary

Colonial hosts offer unique opportunities for exploitation by endoparasites resulting from extensive clonal propagation, but these interactions are poorly understood. The freshwater bryozoan, Fredericella sultana, and the myxozoan, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, present an appropriate model system for examining such interactions. F. sultana propagates mainly asexually, through colony fragmentation and dormant propagules (statoblasts). Our study examines how T. bryosalmonae exploits the multiple transmission routes offered by the propagation of F. sultana, evaluates the effects of such transmission on its bryozoan host, and tests the hypothesis that poor host condition provokes T. bryosalmonae to bail out of a resource that may soon be unsustainable, demonstrating terminal investment. We show that infections are present in substantial proportions of colony fragments and statoblasts over space and time and that moderate infection levels promote statoblast hatching and hence effective fecundity. We also found evidence for terminal investment, with host starvation inducing the development of transmission stages. Our results contribute to a growing picture that interactions of T. bryosalmonae and F. sultana are generally characterized by parasite persistence, facilitated by multiple transmission pathways and host condition-dependent developmental cycling, and host tolerance, promoted by effective fecundity effects and an inherent capacity for renewed growth and clonal replication.

Keywords

bryozoanmyxozoanmultiple transmission routescovert infectionhost conditionterminal investmenthost fecundityinfection intensitystatoblaststotipotent stem cells
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 144 , Issue 8 , July 2017 , pp. 1052 - 1063
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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