Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T06:51:32.226Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Enzyme polymorphism in Endotrypanum and numerical analysis of isoenzyme data

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

A. M. R. Franco ,
H. Momen ,
R. D. Naiff ,
C. F. S. Moreira ,
M. P. Deane  and
G. Grimaldi Jr
A. M. R. Franco*
Affiliation:
Department of Immunology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), C.P. 926, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
H. Momen
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), C.P. 926, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
R. D. Naiff
Affiliation:
Institute Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69083, Brazil
C. F. S. Moreira
Affiliation:
Department of Immunology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), C.P. 926, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
M. P. Deane
Affiliation:
Department of Protozoology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), C.P. 926, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
G. Grimaldi Jr
Affiliation:
Department of Immunology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), C.P. 926, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
*
*Corresponding author. Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, C.P. 926, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil. Tel: + 55 21 598 4326/4327. Fax: + 55 21 2801 589.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

In this study, we have analysed enzyme polymorphism among a group of protozoan parasites of the genus Endotrypanum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). Seventeen stocks of Endotrypanum spp. isolated from sloths (Choloepus didactylus and C. juruanus) in the Amazon Region of Brazil were analysed by enzyme electrophoresis, and their electromorphic profiles were compared with reference strains reported previously. The 16 enzymic loci were analysed, and the strains were classified into zymodemes, each representing parasites with unique enzyme profiles. Each zymodeme was considered as an elementary taxon, and using numerical analyses (cladistic, agglomerative hierarchical and ordination techniques) the genus was shown to be monophyletic and the 12 zymodemes characterized could be divided into 3 groups (A, B, C). The heterogeneous population (which may represent a complex of parasite species or strains variants) showed, however, no correlation with the origin (i.e. host species involved or geographic area of isolation) of Endotrypanum stocks. Eight isolates of Endotrypanum sp. from Rondonia State (Brazil) and a parasite strain from Panama were clustered together into a zymodeme, which was phenetically closely related to the E. monterogeii from Costa Rica. The data indicate that E. schaudinni is a species complex.

Keywords

numerical analysisEndotrypanumisoenzymezymodeme analysis
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 113 , Issue 1 , July 1996 , pp. 39 - 48
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arias, J. R., Miles, M. A., Naiff, R. D., Póvoa, M. M., De Freitas, R. A., Biancardi, C. B. & Castellon, E. G. (1985). Flagellate infections of Brazilian sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae): isolation in vitro and biochemical identification of Endotrypanum and Leishmania. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 34, 1096–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, H. & Herrer, A. (1976). Neotropical sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae), invertebrate hosts of Endotrypanum schaudinni (Kinetoplastidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 13, 299–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, H. A. & Herrer, A. (1979). Susceptibility of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) to trypanosomatidae from two-toed sloths (Edentata: Bradypodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 16, 424–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Croft, S. L., Chance, M. L. & Gardener, P. (1980). Ultrastructure and biochemical characterization of stocks of Endotrypanum. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 74, 585–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cupolillo, E., Grimaldi, G. Jr & Momen, H. (1994). A general classification of New World Leishmania using numerical zymotaxonomy. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 50, 296–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deane, L. M. (1961). Tripanosomídeos de mamíferos da região Amazônica. I. Alguns flagelados encontrados no sangue de mamíferos silvestres do Estado do Pará. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 3, 15–28.Google Scholar
Felsenstein, J. (1989). PHYLIP – Phylogeny Inference Package (version 3.2) Cladistics 5, 164–6.Google Scholar
Fernandes, O., Degrave, W. & Campbell, D. A. (1993). The mini-exon gene: a molecular marker for Endotrypanum schaudinni. Parasitology 107, 219–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandes, A. P., Nelson, K. & Beverley, S. M. (1993). Evolution of nuclear ribosomal RNAs in Kinetoplastid protozoa: perspectives on the age and origins of parasitism. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, USA 90, 11608–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Floch, H. (1954). Leishmania tropica guyanensis n.ssp. agent de la leishmaniose tegumentarie des Guyanes et de l'Amerique Centrale. Archives de L'Institute Pasteur de La Guyane Française et du Teritoire de L'Inini, 328.Google Scholar
Greig, S. R., Akinsehinwa, F. A., Ashall, F., Lainson, R., Shaw, J. J., Miles, M. A. & Barker, D. C. (1989). The feasibility of discrimination between Leishmania and Endotrypanum using total parasite DNA probes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, 196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimaldi, G. Jr., David, J. R. & McMahon-Pratt, D. (1987). Identification and distribution of New World Leishmania species by serodeme analysis using monoclonal antibodies. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 36, 270–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimaldi, G. Jr., Kreutzer, R. D., Hashiguchi, Y., Gomez, E. A., Mimory, T. & Tesh, R. B. (1992). Description of Leishmania equatorensis sp. n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a new parasite infecting arboreal mammals in Ecuador. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 87, 221–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimaldi, G. Jr., & Tesh, R. B. (1993). Leishmaniases of the New World: current concepts and implications for future research. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 6, 230–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrer, A. & Christensen, H. A. (1969). Leishmania braziliensis isolated from sloths in Panama. Science 164, 1419–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaffe, C. L., Grimaldi, G. Jr., & McMahon-Pratt, D. (1984). The cultivation and cloning of Leishmania. In Genes and Antigens of Parasites. A Laboratory Manual. (ed. Morel, C. M.) pp. 47–91. Geneva. UNDP/World Bank/WHO-FINEP-CNPq-FIOCRUZ.Google Scholar
Kreutzer, R. D., Corredor, A., Grimaldi, G. Jr., Grol, M., Rowton, E. D., Young, D. G., Morales, A., McMahon-Pratt, D., Guzman, H. & Tesh, R. B. (1991). Characterization of Leishmania colombiensis sp.n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a new parasite infecting humans, animals, and phlebotomine sand flies in Colombia and Panama. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 44, 662–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lainson, R., Braga, R. R., De Souza, A. A. A., Póvoa, M. M., Ishikawa, E. A. Y. & Silveira, F. T. (1989). Leishmania (Viannia) shawi sp. n., a parasite of monkeys, sloths and procyonids in Amazonian Brazil. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 64, 200–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lainson, R. & Shaw, J. J. (1972). Leishmaniasis of the New World: taxonomic problems. British Medical Bulletin 28, 44–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lainson, R. & Shaw, J. J. (1987). Evolution, classification and geographical distribution In The Leishmaniases in Biology and Medicine, (ed. Peters, W. & Killick-Kendrick, R.) vol. 1, pp. 1–120. Academic Press: London.Google Scholar
Lönnberg, E. (1942). Notes on Xenarthra from Brazil and Bolivia. Arkiv för Zoologi 34, 29.Google Scholar
Lopes, A. H. C. S. (1987). Estudo de populações de Endotrypanum utilizando anticorpos monoclonais e padrões de fragmentos de restrição do DNA nuclear. Tese de doutorado. Instituto de Microbiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR.Google Scholar
Lopes, A. H. C. S., Esteves, M. J. G., Augluster, J. & Andrade, A. F. B. (1987). Lectin binding to surface saccharides on Endotrypanum strains. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 82, 42.Google Scholar
Lopes, A. H. C. S., Iovannisci, D., Peixoto, M. P., McMahon-Pratt, D. & Beverley, S. M. (1990). Evolution of nuclear DNA and the occurrence of sequence related to new small chromosomal DNA's in the trypanosomatid genus Endotrypanum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 40, 151–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopes, A. H. C. S. & McMahon-Pratt, D. (1989). Monoclonal antibodies specific for members of the genus Endotrypanum. Journal of Protozoology 36, 354–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maslov, D. A. & Simpson, L. (1995). Evolution of parasitism in kinetoplastid protozoa. Parasitology Today 11, 30–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medina-Acosta, E., Franco, A. M. R., Jansen, A. M., Sampol, M., Nevez, N., Pontes-De-Carvalho, L., Grimaldi, G., & Nussenzweig, V. (1994). Transsialidase and sialidase activities discriminate between morphologically indistinguishable trypanosomatids. European Journal of Biochemistry 225, 333–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mesnil, F. & Brimont, E. (1908). Sur un h'ematozaire nouveau (Endotrypanum n. gen.) d'un édenté de Guyane. Comptes rendus hébdomadaires des Séances de l'academie de Sciences de Paris 65, 581–3.Google Scholar
Nei, M. (1972). Genetic distance between populations. The American Naturalist 106, 283–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowak, R. M. (1991). Order Xenarthra. In Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th edn, vol. 1, pp. 515–527. The Johns Hopkins University Press Ltd, Baltimore and London.Google Scholar
Pacheco, R. S., Thomaz, N. & Momen, H. (1990). kDNA cross-hybridization between Endotrypanum and peripylarian Leishmania. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, 531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pipkin, A. C. (1968). Domiciliary reduviid bug and the epidemiology of Chagas' disease in Panama (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Journal of Medical Entomology 5, 107–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rioux, J. A., Lanotte, G., Pratlong, F., Martini, A., Serres, E. & Belmonte, A. (1986). Centre international de cryoconservation, d'identification enzymatique et d'étude taxonomique des Leishmania (Montpellier, France). Structure et fonctionnement. In Leishmania. Taxonomie et Phylogenése (ed. Rioux, J. A.) pp. 485–502. IMEEE, Montpellier.Google Scholar
Ryan, L., Lainson, R., Shaw, J. J., Braga, R. R. & Ishikawa, E. A. Y. (1987). Leishmaniasis in Brazil: XXV. Sandfly vectors of Leishmania in Pará State, Brazil. Medical Journal of Veterinary Entomology 1, 383–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarich, V. M. (1985). Xenarthran systematics: albumin immunological evidence. In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilingues, (ed. Montgomery, G. G.), pp. 77–81. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Shaw, J. J. (1969). The haemoflagellates of sloths. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Memoir 13. H. K. Lewis, London.Google Scholar
Shaw, J. J. (1985). The hemoflagellates of sloths, vermilinguas (anteaters), and armadillos. In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilingues, (ed. Montgomery, G. G.) pp. 279–292. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Shaw, J. J. (1992). Endotrypanum, a unique intraerythrocytic flagellate of New World tree sloths. An evolutionary link or an evolutionary backwater? Ciencia e Cultura 44, 107–16.Google Scholar
Shaw, J. J., Braga, R. R., Lainson, R. & Ishikawa, E. A. Y. (1991). Aconitate hydratase (ACON), an enzyme that distinguishes Leishmania of the subgenus Viannia from other trypanosomatids. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85, 597–598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soares, M. M., Lopes, A. H. C. S. & Souza, W. (1991). Ultrastructural and steriological analysis of trypanosomatids of the genus Endotrypanum. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 86, 175–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Travi, B. L., Zea, A. & D'Alessandro, A. (1989). Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) leeuzvenhoeki in Choloepus hoffmanni and Didelphis marsupialis of the pacific coast of Colombia. Journal of Parasitology 75, 218–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trejos, A. & Montero-Gei, F. (1953). Estudios sobre tripanosómideos de edentata en Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 1, 21–7.Google Scholar
Ward, R. D., Lainson, R. & Shaw, J. J. (1973). Further evidence of the role of Lutzomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira) as the vector of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis in Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 67, 608–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, S. D. (1985). The interrelationships of the tree sloths and ground sloths. In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilinguas, (ed. Montgomery, G. G.) pp. 105–112. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Zeledon, R., Ponce, C. & Ponce, E. De (1975). The isolation of Leishmania braziliensis from sloths in Costa Rica. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24, 706–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeledon, R., Ponce, C. & Murillo, J. (1979). Leishmania herreri sp.n. from sloths and sandflies of Costa Rica. Journal of Parasitology 65, 273–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed