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HIV-1/parasite co-infection and the emergence of new parasite strains

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2008

JAMES O. LLOYD-SMITH ,
MARY POSS  and
BRYAN T. GRENFELL
JAMES O. LLOYD-SMITH*
Affiliation:
Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park PA, 16802, USA
MARY POSS
Affiliation:
Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park PA, 16802, USA
BRYAN T. GRENFELL
Affiliation:
Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park PA, 16802, USA Fogarty International Center, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, 20892, USA
*
*Corresponding author. Tel: +1-814-863-9545. Fax: +1-814-865-9131. E-mail: jlloydsmith@psu.edu
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Summary

HIV-1 and parasitic infections co-circulate in many populations, and in a few well-studied examples HIV-1 co-infection is known to amplify parasite transmission. There are indications that HIV-1 interacts significantly with many other parasitic infections within individual hosts, but the population-level impacts of co-infection are not well-characterized. Here we consider how alteration of host immune status due to HIV-1 infection may influence the emergence of novel parasite strains. We review clinical and epidemiological evidence from five parasitic diseases (malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis and strongyloidiasis) with emphasis on how HIV-1 co-infection alters individual susceptibility and infectiousness for the parasites. We then introduce a simple modelling framework that allows us to project how these individual-level properties might influence population-level dynamics. We find that HIV-1 can facilitate invasion by parasite strains in many circumstances and we identify threshold values of HIV-1 prevalence that allow otherwise unsustainable parasite strains to invade successfully. Definitive evidence to test these predicted effects is largely lacking, and we conclude by discussing challenges in interpreting available data and priorities for future studies.

Keywords

HIV/AIDSemerging infectious diseasesmathematical modelpopulation heterogeneitydrug resistancezoonosisimmunosuppression
Type
Original Articles
Information
Parasitology , Volume 135 , Special Issue 7: Parasitic co-infections: challenges and solutions , June 2008 , pp. 795 - 806
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 Cambridge University Press

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