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The influence of temperature on the development, hatching and survival of Nematodirus battus larvae

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2007

J. van DIJK  and
E. R. MORGAN
J. van DIJK*
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
E. R. MORGAN
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Present address: Liverpool University Climate and Infectious Diseases of Animals Group (LUCINDA), Veterinary Clinical Science, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 1517946084. Fax: +44 (0) 1517946028. E-mail: Jan.van-Dijk@liverpool.ac.uk
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Summary

Although Nematodirus battus (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) is an economically important and highly pathogenic parasite of sheep in the temperate regions, very little is known about the population dynamics of its free-living stages and their relationship with ambient temperature. Here we describe the temperature-related vital rates and thresholds of egg development, hatching and larval survival for the first time. N. battus eggs were able to develop between 11·5 and 27°C, but development at the lower end of this range was more successful. Embryonated eggs did not hatch below 11°C or above 17°C. This is the first description of an upper threshold for hatching in trichostrongyloids. In contrast with most previous studies, although some eggs hatched only after being chilled, substantial proportions of eggs were also found to hatch without the need for chilling. These proportions were lower with increasing, within-hatching range, temperatures. Larval death rates significantly increased at temperatures towards and above the upper hatching threshold. The peculiar hatching behaviour of N. battus may therefore be explained in terms of optimization of larval survival. We argue that our findings confirm the likelihood of an arctic origin of the parasite. Probable changes and adaptations of parasite behaviour in the temperate regions, and the driving forces behind them, are discussed, as well as factors affecting persistence and geographical spread against a background of climate change.

Keywords

parasitefree-living stagessheeparcticecologyclimate changeadaptationbet-hedging
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 135 , Issue 2 , February 2008 , pp. 269 - 283
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

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