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Intestinal schistosomiasis in chimpanzees on Ngamba Island, Uganda: observations on liver fibrosis, schistosome genetic diversity and praziquantel treatment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2012

C. J. STANDLEY ,
L. MUGISHA ,
M. ADRIKO ,
M. ARINAITWE ,
J. RUKUNDO ,
L. AJAROVA ,
S. MOPYA ,
M. BETSON ,
N. B. KABATEREINE  and
J. R. STOTHARD
C. J. STANDLEY
Affiliation:
Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
L. MUGISHA
Affiliation:
College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), P.O. Box 34153, Kampala, Uganda
M. ADRIKO
Affiliation:
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda
M. ARINAITWE
Affiliation:
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda
J. RUKUNDO
Affiliation:
Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust (CSWCT), Entebbe, Uganda
L. AJAROVA
Affiliation:
Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust (CSWCT), Entebbe, Uganda
S. MOPYA
Affiliation:
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda Department of Radiology, Mulago Hospital, P.O. Box 7051, Kampala, Uganda
M. BETSON
Affiliation:
Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
N. B. KABATEREINE
Affiliation:
Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda
J. R. STOTHARD*
Affiliation:
Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK. E-mail: jrstoth@liverpool.ac.uk.
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Summary

Despite treatment with praziquantel (PZQ) at 40 mg/kg in food, several chimpanzees on Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary (NICS) continue to excrete eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. To monitor disease, 8 animals were closely examined under anaesthesia in March 2011 with portable ultrasonography and by rectal snip biopsy. Schistosome genetic diversity had been previously assayed within 4 of these chimpanzees, finding extensive diversity with 27 DNA barcodes encountered, although none was common to all animals. Calcified schistosome eggs were found in the rectal snips from 5 chimpanzees and liver fibrosis was clearly documented, indicative of progressive disease in 6 animals, the latter being surprisingly advanced in a younger chimpanzee. All 8 animals were treated under anaesthesia by oral gavage with PZQ at 60 mg/kg dosing that was well tolerated. These animals were again re-examined in June 2012 using stool and urine sampling. Only 1 chimpanzee appeared to be free from infection and active egg excretion was confirmed in 6 animals. If intestinal schistosomiasis is to be controlled within this setting, a long-term disease management plan is required which should combine active case-detection with an insistent treatment regime with praziquantel for these chimpanzees, exploring perhaps the performance of even higher dosing.

Keywords

Schistosoma mansoniPan troglodytesmorbidityultrasonographyDNA barcoding
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 140 , Issue 3 , March 2013 , pp. 285 - 295
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

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